//
// Copyright 2020-2022 Sean C Foley
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//

package ipaddr

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/big"
	"net"
	"net/netip"
	"unsafe"

	"github.com/seancfoley/ipaddress-go/ipaddr/addrerr"
	"github.com/seancfoley/ipaddress-go/ipaddr/addrstr"
)

const (
	IPv4SegmentSeparator      = '.'
	IPv4SegmentSeparatorStr   = "."
	IPv4BitsPerSegment        = 8
	IPv4BytesPerSegment       = 1
	IPv4SegmentCount          = 4
	IPv4ByteCount             = 4
	IPv4BitCount              = 32
	IPv4DefaultTextualRadix   = 10
	IPv4MaxValuePerSegment    = 0xff
	IPv4MaxValue              = 0xffffffff
	IPv4ReverseDnsSuffix      = ".in-addr.arpa"
	IPv4SegmentMaxChars       = 3
	ipv4BitsToSegmentBitshift = 3
)

func newIPv4Address(section *IPv4AddressSection) *IPv4Address {
	return createAddress(section.ToSectionBase(), NoZone).ToIPv4()
}

// NewIPv4Address constructs an IPv4 address or subnet from the given address section.
// If the section does not have 4 segments, an error is returned.
func NewIPv4Address(section *IPv4AddressSection) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.AddressValueError) {
	if section == nil {
		return zeroIPv4, nil
	}
	segCount := section.GetSegmentCount()
	if segCount != IPv4SegmentCount {
		return nil, &addressValueError{
			addressError: addressError{key: "ipaddress.error.invalid.size"},
			val:          segCount,
		}
	}
	return createAddress(section.ToSectionBase(), NoZone).ToIPv4(), nil
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromSegs constructs an IPv4 address or subnet from the given segments.
// If the given slice does not have 4 segments, an error is returned.
func NewIPv4AddressFromSegs(segments []*IPv4AddressSegment) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.AddressValueError) {
	segCount := len(segments)
	if segCount != IPv4SegmentCount {
		return nil, &addressValueError{
			addressError: addressError{key: "ipaddress.error.invalid.size"},
			val:          segCount,
		}
	}
	section := NewIPv4Section(segments)
	return createAddress(section.ToSectionBase(), NoZone).ToIPv4(), nil
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedSegs constructs an IPv4 address or subnet from the given segments and prefix length.
// If the given slice does not have 4 segments, an error is returned.
// If the address has a zero host for its prefix length, the returned address will be the prefix block.
func NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedSegs(segments []*IPv4AddressSegment, prefixLength PrefixLen) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.AddressValueError) {
	segCount := len(segments)
	if segCount != IPv4SegmentCount {
		return nil, &addressValueError{
			addressError: addressError{key: "ipaddress.error.invalid.size"},
			val:          segCount,
		}
	}
	section := NewIPv4PrefixedSection(segments, prefixLength)
	return createAddress(section.ToSectionBase(), NoZone).ToIPv4(), nil
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromBytes constructs an IPv4 address from the given byte slice.
// An error is returned when the byte slice has too many bytes to match the IPv4 segment count of 4.
// There should be 4 bytes or less, although extra leading zeros are tolerated.
func NewIPv4AddressFromBytes(bytes []byte) (addr *IPv4Address, err addrerr.AddressValueError) {
	if ipv4 := net.IP(bytes).To4(); ipv4 != nil {
		bytes = ipv4
	}
	section, err := NewIPv4SectionFromSegmentedBytes(bytes, IPv4SegmentCount)
	if err == nil {
		addr = newIPv4Address(section)
	}
	return
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedBytes constructs an IPv4 address or prefix block from the given byte slice and prefix length.
// An error is returned when the byte slice has too many bytes to match the IPv4 segment count of 4.
// There should be 4 bytes or less, although extra leading zeros are tolerated.
// If the address has a zero host for the given prefix length, the returned address will be the prefix block.
func NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedBytes(bytes []byte, prefixLength PrefixLen) (addr *IPv4Address, err addrerr.AddressValueError) {
	if ipv4 := net.IP(bytes).To4(); ipv4 != nil {
		bytes = ipv4
	}
	section, err := NewIPv4SectionFromPrefixedBytes(bytes, IPv4SegmentCount, prefixLength)
	if err == nil {
		addr = newIPv4Address(section)
	}
	return
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromUint32 constructs an IPv4 address from the given value.
func NewIPv4AddressFromUint32(val uint32) *IPv4Address {
	section := NewIPv4SectionFromUint32(val, IPv4SegmentCount)
	return createAddress(section.ToSectionBase(), NoZone).ToIPv4()
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedUint32 constructs an IPv4 address or prefix block from the given value and prefix length.
// If the address has a zero host for the given prefix length, the returned address will be the prefix block.
func NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedUint32(val uint32, prefixLength PrefixLen) *IPv4Address {
	section := NewIPv4SectionFromPrefixedUint32(val, IPv4SegmentCount, prefixLength)
	return createAddress(section.ToSectionBase(), NoZone).ToIPv4()
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromVals constructs an IPv4 address from the given values.
func NewIPv4AddressFromVals(vals IPv4SegmentValueProvider) *IPv4Address {
	section := NewIPv4SectionFromVals(vals, IPv4SegmentCount)
	return newIPv4Address(section)
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedVals constructs an IPv4 address or prefix block from the given values and prefix length.
// If the address has a zero host for the given prefix length, the returned address will be the prefix block.
func NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedVals(vals IPv4SegmentValueProvider, prefixLength PrefixLen) *IPv4Address {
	section := NewIPv4SectionFromPrefixedVals(vals, IPv4SegmentCount, prefixLength)
	return newIPv4Address(section)
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromRange constructs an IPv4 subnet from the given values.
func NewIPv4AddressFromRange(vals, upperVals IPv4SegmentValueProvider) *IPv4Address {
	section := NewIPv4SectionFromRange(vals, upperVals, IPv4SegmentCount)
	return newIPv4Address(section)
}

// NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedRange constructs an IPv4 subnet from the given values and prefix length.
// If the address has a zero host for the given prefix length, the returned address will be the prefix block.
func NewIPv4AddressFromPrefixedRange(vals, upperVals IPv4SegmentValueProvider, prefixLength PrefixLen) *IPv4Address {
	section := NewIPv4SectionFromPrefixedRange(vals, upperVals, IPv4SegmentCount, prefixLength)
	return newIPv4Address(section)
}

func newIPv4AddressFromPrefixedSingle(vals, upperVals IPv4SegmentValueProvider, prefixLength PrefixLen) *IPv4Address {
	section := newIPv4SectionFromPrefixedSingle(vals, upperVals, IPv4SegmentCount, prefixLength, true)
	return newIPv4Address(section)
}

var zeroIPv4 = initZeroIPv4()
var ipv4All = zeroIPv4.ToPrefixBlockLen(0)

func initZeroIPv4() *IPv4Address {
	div := zeroIPv4Seg
	segs := []*IPv4AddressSegment{div, div, div, div}
	section := NewIPv4Section(segs)
	return newIPv4Address(section)
}

// IPv4Address is an IPv4 address, or a subnet of multiple IPv4 addresses.
// An IPv4 address is composed of 4 1-byte segments and can optionally have an associated prefix length.
// Each segment can represent a single value or a range of values.
// The zero value is "0.0.0.0".
//
// To construct one from a string, use NewIPAddressString, then use the ToAddress or GetAddress method of [IPAddressString],
// and then use ToIPv4 to get an IPv4Address, assuming the string had an IPv4 format.
//
// For other inputs, use one of the multiple constructor functions like NewIPv4Address.
// You can also use one of the multiple constructors for [IPAddress] like NewIPAddress and then convert using ToIPv4.
type IPv4Address struct {
	ipAddressInternal
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) init() *IPv4Address {
	if addr.section == nil {
		return zeroIPv4
	}
	return addr
}

// GetCount returns the count of addresses that this address or subnet represents.
//
// If just a single address, not a subnet of multiple addresses, returns 1.
//
// For instance, the IP address subnet "1.2.0.0/15" has the count of 2 to the power of 17.
//
// Use IsMultiple if you simply want to know if the count is greater than 1.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetCount() *big.Int {
	if addr == nil {
		return bigZero()
	}
	return addr.getCount()
}

// GetIPv4Count returns the count of possible distinct values for this section.
// It is the same as GetCount but returns the value as a uint64 instead of a big integer.
// If not representing multiple values, the count is 1.
//
// Use IsMultiple if you simply want to know if the count is greater than 1.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetIPv4Count() uint64 {
	if addr == nil {
		return 0
	}
	return addr.GetSection().GetIPv4Count()
}

// GetIPv4PrefixCount returns the number of distinct prefix values in this section.
// It is the same as GetPrefixCount but returns the value as a uint64 instead of a big integer.
//
// The prefix length is given by GetPrefixLen.
//
// If this has a non-nil prefix length, returns the number of distinct prefix values.
//
// If this has a nil prefix length, returns the same value as GetIPv4Count.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetIPv4PrefixCount() uint64 {
	return addr.GetSection().GetIPv4PrefixCount()
}

// GetIPv4PrefixCountLen gives count available as a uint64 instead of big.Int.
//
// It is the similar to GetPrefixCountLen but returns a uint64, not a *big.Int
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetIPv4PrefixCountLen(prefixLength BitCount) uint64 {
	return addr.GetSection().GetIPv4PrefixCountLen(prefixLength)
}

// GetIPv4BlockCount returns the count of distinct values in the given number of initial (more significant) segments.
//
// It is similar to GetBlockCount but returns a uint64 instead of a big integer.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetIPv4BlockCount(segmentCount int) uint64 {
	return addr.GetSection().GetIPv4BlockCount(segmentCount)
}

// IsMultiple returns true if this represents more than a single individual address, whether it is a subnet of multiple addresses.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsMultiple() bool {
	return addr != nil && addr.isMultiple()
}

// IsPrefixed returns whether this address has an associated prefix length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsPrefixed() bool {
	return addr != nil && addr.isPrefixed()
}

// IsFullRange returns whether this address covers the entire IPv4 address space.
//
// This is true if and only if both IncludesZero and IncludesMax return true.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsFullRange() bool {
	return addr.GetSection().IsFullRange()
}

// GetBitCount returns the number of bits comprising this address,
// or each address in the range if a subnet, which is 32.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetBitCount() BitCount {
	return IPv4BitCount
}

// GetByteCount returns the number of bytes required for this address,
// or each address in the range if a subnet, which is 4.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetByteCount() int {
	return IPv4ByteCount
}

// GetBitsPerSegment returns the number of bits comprising each segment in this address.  Segments in the same address are equal length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetBitsPerSegment() BitCount {
	return IPv4BitsPerSegment
}

// GetBytesPerSegment returns the number of bytes comprising each segment in this address or subnet.  Segments in the same address are equal length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetBytesPerSegment() int {
	return IPv4BytesPerSegment
}

// GetSection returns the backing section for this address or subnet, comprising all segments.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSection() *IPv4AddressSection {
	return addr.init().section.ToIPv4()
}

// GetTrailingSection gets the subsection from the series starting from the given index.
// The first segment is at index 0.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetTrailingSection(index int) *IPv4AddressSection {
	return addr.GetSection().GetTrailingSection(index)
}

// GetSubSection gets the subsection from the series starting from the given index and ending just before the give endIndex.
// The first segment is at index 0.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSubSection(index, endIndex int) *IPv4AddressSection {
	return addr.GetSection().GetSubSection(index, endIndex)
}

// GetNetworkSection returns an address section containing the segments with the network of the address or subnet, the prefix bits.
// The returned section will have only as many segments as needed as determined by the existing CIDR network prefix length.
//
// If this series has no CIDR prefix length, the returned network section will
// be the entire series as a prefixed section with prefix length matching the address bit length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetNetworkSection() *IPv4AddressSection {
	return addr.GetSection().GetNetworkSection()
}

// GetNetworkSectionLen returns a section containing the segments with the network of the address or subnet, the prefix bits according to the given prefix length.
// The returned section will have only as many segments as needed to contain the network.
//
// The new section will be assigned the given prefix length,
// unless the existing prefix length is smaller, in which case the existing prefix length will be retained.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetNetworkSectionLen(prefLen BitCount) *IPv4AddressSection {
	return addr.GetSection().GetNetworkSectionLen(prefLen)
}

// GetHostSection returns a section containing the segments with the host of the address or subnet, the bits beyond the CIDR network prefix length.
// The returned section will have only as many segments as needed to contain the host.
//
// If this series has no prefix length, the returned host section will be the full section.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetHostSection() *IPv4AddressSection {
	return addr.GetSection().GetHostSection()
}

// GetHostSectionLen returns a section containing the segments with the host of the address or subnet, the bits beyond the given CIDR network prefix length.
// The returned section will have only as many segments as needed to contain the host.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetHostSectionLen(prefLen BitCount) *IPv4AddressSection {
	return addr.GetSection().GetHostSectionLen(prefLen)
}

// GetNetworkMask returns the network mask associated with the CIDR network prefix length of this address or subnet.
// If this address or subnet has no prefix length, then the all-ones mask is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetNetworkMask() *IPv4Address {
	var prefLen BitCount
	if pref := addr.getPrefixLen(); pref != nil {
		prefLen = pref.bitCount()
	} else {
		prefLen = IPv4BitCount
	}
	return ipv4Network.GetNetworkMask(prefLen).ToIPv4()
}

// GetHostMask returns the host mask associated with the CIDR network prefix length of this address or subnet.
// If this address or subnet has no prefix length, then the all-ones mask is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetHostMask() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.getHostMask(ipv4Network).ToIPv4()
}

// CopySubSegments copies the existing segments from the given start index until but not including the segment at the given end index,
// into the given slice, as much as can be fit into the slice, returning the number of segments copied.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CopySubSegments(start, end int, segs []*IPv4AddressSegment) (count int) {
	return addr.GetSection().CopySubSegments(start, end, segs)
}

// CopySegments copies the existing segments into the given slice,
// as much as can be fit into the slice, returning the number of segments copied.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CopySegments(segs []*IPv4AddressSegment) (count int) {
	return addr.GetSection().CopySegments(segs)
}

// GetSegments returns a slice with the address segments.  The returned slice is not backed by the same array as this address.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSegments() []*IPv4AddressSegment {
	return addr.GetSection().GetSegments()
}

// GetSegment returns the segment at the given index.
// The first segment is at index 0.
// GetSegment will panic given a negative index or an index matching or larger than the segment count.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSegment(index int) *IPv4AddressSegment {
	return addr.init().getSegment(index).ToIPv4()
}

// GetSegmentCount returns the segment count, the number of segments in this address, which is 4.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSegmentCount() int {
	return addr.GetDivisionCount()
}

// ForEachSegment visits each segment in order from most-significant to least, the most significant with index 0, calling the given function for each, terminating early if the function returns true.
// Returns the number of visited segments.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ForEachSegment(consumer func(segmentIndex int, segment *IPv4AddressSegment) (stop bool)) int {
	return addr.GetSection().ForEachSegment(consumer)
}

// GetGenericDivision returns the segment at the given index as a DivisionType.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetGenericDivision(index int) DivisionType {
	return addr.init().getDivision(index)
}

// GetGenericSegment returns the segment at the given index as an AddressSegmentType.
// The first segment is at index 0.
// GetGenericSegment will panic given a negative index or an index matching or larger than the segment count.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetGenericSegment(index int) AddressSegmentType {
	return addr.init().getSegment(index)
}

// GetDivisionCount returns the segment count.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetDivisionCount() int {
	return addr.init().getDivisionCount()
}

// GetIPVersion returns IPv4, the IP version of this address.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetIPVersion() IPVersion {
	return IPv4
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) checkIdentity(section *IPv4AddressSection) *IPv4Address {
	if section == nil {
		return nil
	}
	sec := section.ToSectionBase()
	if sec == addr.section {
		return addr
	}
	return newIPv4Address(section)
}

// Mask applies the given mask to all addresses represented by this IPv4Address.
// The mask is applied to all individual addresses.
//
// If this represents multiple addresses, and applying the mask to all addresses creates a set of addresses
// that cannot be represented as a sequential range within each segment, then an error is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Mask(other *IPv4Address) (masked *IPv4Address, err addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	return addr.maskPrefixed(other, true)
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) maskPrefixed(other *IPv4Address, retainPrefix bool) (masked *IPv4Address, err addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	addr = addr.init()
	sect, err := addr.GetSection().maskPrefixed(other.GetSection(), retainPrefix)
	if err == nil {
		masked = addr.checkIdentity(sect)
	}
	return
}

// BitwiseOr does the bitwise disjunction with this address or subnet, useful when subnetting.
// It is similar to Mask which does the bitwise conjunction.
//
// The operation is applied to all individual addresses and the result is returned.
//
// If this is a subnet representing multiple addresses, and applying the operation to all addresses creates a set of addresses
// that cannot be represented as a sequential range within each segment, then an error is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) BitwiseOr(other *IPv4Address) (masked *IPv4Address, err addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	return addr.bitwiseOrPrefixed(other, true)
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) bitwiseOrPrefixed(other *IPv4Address, retainPrefix bool) (masked *IPv4Address, err addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	addr = addr.init()
	sect, err := addr.GetSection().bitwiseOrPrefixed(other.GetSection(), retainPrefix)
	if err == nil {
		masked = addr.checkIdentity(sect)
	}
	return
}

// Subtract subtracts the given subnet from this subnet, returning an array of subnets for the result (the subnets will not be contiguous so an array is required).
// Subtract computes the subnet difference, the set of addresses in this address subnet but not in the provided subnet.
// This is also known as the relative complement of the given argument in this subnet.
// This is set subtraction, not subtraction of address values (use Increment for the latter).  We have a subnet of addresses and we are removing those addresses found in the argument subnet.
// If there are no remaining addresses, nil is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Subtract(other *IPv4Address) []*IPv4Address {
	addr = addr.init()
	sects, _ := addr.GetSection().Subtract(other.GetSection())
	sectLen := len(sects)
	if sectLen == 0 {
		return nil
	} else if sectLen == 1 {
		sec := sects[0]
		if sec.ToSectionBase() == addr.section {
			return []*IPv4Address{addr}
		}
	}
	res := make([]*IPv4Address, sectLen)
	for i, sect := range sects {
		res[i] = newIPv4Address(sect)
	}
	return res
}

// Intersect returns the subnet whose addresses are found in both this and the given subnet argument, or nil if no such addresses exist.
//
// This is also known as the conjunction of the two sets of addresses.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Intersect(other *IPv4Address) *IPv4Address {
	addr = addr.init()
	section, _ := addr.GetSection().Intersect(other.GetSection())
	if section == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return addr.checkIdentity(section)
}

// SpanWithRange returns an IPv4AddressSeqRange instance that spans this subnet to the given subnet.
// If the other address is a different version than this, then the other is ignored, and the result is equivalent to calling ToSequentialRange.
func (addr *IPv4Address) SpanWithRange(other *IPv4Address) *SequentialRange[*IPv4Address] {
	return NewSequentialRange(addr.init(), other)
}

// GetLower returns the lowest address in the subnet range,
// which will be the receiver if it represents a single address.
// For example, for "1.2-3.4.5-6", the series "1.2.4.5" is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetLower() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().getLower().ToIPv4()
}

// GetUpper returns the highest address in the subnet range,
// which will be the receiver if it represents a single address.
// For example, for "1.2-3.4.5-6", the address "1.3.4.6" is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetUpper() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().getUpper().ToIPv4()
}

// GetLowerIPAddress returns the address in the subnet or address collection with the lowest numeric value,
// which will be the receiver if it represents a single address.
// For example, for "1.2-3.4.5-6", the series "1.2.4.5" is returned.
// GetLowerIPAddress implements the IPAddressRange interface
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetLowerIPAddress() *IPAddress {
	return addr.GetLower().ToIP()
}

// GetUpperIPAddress returns the address in the subnet or address collection with the highest numeric value,
// which will be the receiver if it represents a single address.
// For example, for the subnet "1.2-3.4.5-6", the address "1.3.4.6" is returned.
// GetUpperIPAddress implements the IPAddressRange interface
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetUpperIPAddress() *IPAddress {
	return addr.GetUpper().ToIP()
}

// IsZeroHostLen returns whether the host section is always zero for all individual addresses in this subnet,
// for the given prefix length.
//
// If the host section is zero length (there are zero host bits), IsZeroHostLen returns true.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsZeroHostLen(prefLen BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().isZeroHostLen(prefLen)
}

// ToZeroHost converts the address or subnet to one in which all individual addresses have a host of zero,
// the host being the bits following the prefix length.
// If the address or subnet has no prefix length, then it returns an all-zero address.
//
// The returned address or subnet will have the same prefix and prefix length.
//
// For instance, the zero host of "1.2.3.4/16" is the individual address "1.2.0.0/16".
//
// This returns an error if the subnet is a range of addresses which cannot be converted to a range in which all addresses have zero hosts,
// because the conversion results in a subnet segment that is not a sequential range of values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToZeroHost() (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	res, err := addr.init().toZeroHost(false)
	return res.ToIPv4(), err
}

// ToZeroHostLen converts the address or subnet to one in which all individual addresses have a host of zero,
// the host being the bits following the given prefix length.
// If this address or subnet has the same prefix length, then the returned one will too, otherwise the returned series will have no prefix length.
//
// For instance, the zero host of "1.2.3.4" for the prefix length of 16 is the address "1.2.0.0".
//
// This returns an error if the subnet is a range of addresses which cannot be converted to a range in which all addresses have zero hosts,
// because the conversion results in a subnet segment that is not a sequential range of values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToZeroHostLen(prefixLength BitCount) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	res, err := addr.init().toZeroHostLen(prefixLength)
	return res.ToIPv4(), err
}

// ToZeroNetwork converts the address or subnet to one in which all individual addresses have a network of zero,
// the network being the bits within the prefix length.
// If the address or subnet has no prefix length, then it returns an all-zero address.
//
// The returned address or subnet will have the same prefix length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToZeroNetwork() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().toZeroNetwork().ToIPv4()
}

// IsMaxHostLen returns whether the host is all one-bits, the max value, for all individual addresses in this subnet,
// for the given prefix length, the host being the bits following the prefix.
//
// If the host section is zero length (there are zero host bits), IsMaxHostLen returns true.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsMaxHostLen(prefLen BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().isMaxHostLen(prefLen)
}

// ToMaxHost converts the address or subnet to one in which all individual addresses have a host of all one-bits, the max value,
// the host being the bits following the prefix length.
// If the address or subnet has no prefix length, then it returns an all-ones address, the max address.
//
// The returned address or subnet will have the same prefix and prefix length.
//
// For instance, the max host of "1.2.3.4/16" gives the broadcast address "1.2.255.255/16".
//
// This returns an error if the subnet is a range of addresses which cannot be converted to a range in which all addresses have max hosts,
// because the conversion results in a subnet segment that is not a sequential range of values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToMaxHost() (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	res, err := addr.init().toMaxHost()
	return res.ToIPv4(), err
}

// ToMaxHostLen converts the address or subnet to one in which all individual addresses have a host of all one-bits, the max host,
// the host being the bits following the given prefix length.
// If this address or subnet has the same prefix length, then the resulting one will too, otherwise the resulting address or subnet will have no prefix length.
//
// For instance, the zero host of "1.2.3.4" for the prefix length of 16 is the address "1.2.255.255".
//
// This returns an error if the subnet is a range of addresses which cannot be converted to a range in which all addresses have max hosts,
// because the conversion results in a subnet segment that is not a sequential range of values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToMaxHostLen(prefixLength BitCount) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	res, err := addr.init().toMaxHostLen(prefixLength)
	return res.ToIPv4(), err
}

// ToPrefixBlock returns the subnet associated with the prefix length of this address.
// If this address has no prefix length, this address is returned.
//
// The subnet will include all addresses with the same prefix as this one, the prefix "block".
// The network prefix will match the prefix of this address or subnet, and the host values will span all values.
//
// For example, if the address is "1.2.3.4/16" it returns the subnet "1.2.0.0/16", which can also be written as "1.2.*.*/16".
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToPrefixBlock() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().toPrefixBlock().ToIPv4()
}

// ToPrefixBlockLen returns the subnet associated with the given prefix length.
//
// The subnet will include all addresses with the same prefix as this one, the prefix "block" for that prefix length.
// The network prefix will match the prefix of this address or subnet, and the host values will span all values.
//
// For example, if the address is "1.2.3.4" and the prefix length provided is 16, it returns the subnet "1.2.0.0/16", which can also be written as "1.2.*.*/16".
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToPrefixBlockLen(prefLen BitCount) *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().toPrefixBlockLen(prefLen).ToIPv4()
}

// ToBlock creates a new block of addresses by changing the segment at the given index to have the given lower and upper value,
// and changing the following segments to be full-range.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToBlock(segmentIndex int, lower, upper SegInt) *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().toBlock(segmentIndex, lower, upper).ToIPv4()
}

// WithoutPrefixLen provides the same address but with no prefix length.  The values remain unchanged.
func (addr *IPv4Address) WithoutPrefixLen() *IPv4Address {
	if !addr.IsPrefixed() {
		return addr
	}
	return addr.init().withoutPrefixLen().ToIPv4()
}

// SetPrefixLen sets the prefix length.
//
// A prefix length will not be set to a value lower than zero or beyond the bit length of the address.
// The provided prefix length will be adjusted to these boundaries if necessary.
func (addr *IPv4Address) SetPrefixLen(prefixLen BitCount) *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().setPrefixLen(prefixLen).ToIPv4()
}

// SetPrefixLenZeroed sets the prefix length.
//
// A prefix length will not be set to a value lower than zero or beyond the bit length of the address.
// The provided prefix length will be adjusted to these boundaries if necessary.
//
// If this address has a prefix length, and the prefix length is increased when setting the new prefix length, the bits moved within the prefix become zero.
// If this address has a prefix length, and the prefix length is decreased when setting the new prefix length, the bits moved outside the prefix become zero.
//
// In other words, bits that move from one side of the prefix length to the other (bits moved into the prefix or outside the prefix) are zeroed.
//
// If the result cannot be zeroed because zeroing out bits results in a non-contiguous segment, an error is returned.

func (addr *IPv4Address) SetPrefixLenZeroed(prefixLen BitCount) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	res, err := addr.init().setPrefixLenZeroed(prefixLen)
	return res.ToIPv4(), err
}

// AdjustPrefixLen increases or decreases the prefix length by the given increment.
//
// A prefix length will not be adjusted lower than zero or beyond the bit length of the address.
//
// If this address has no prefix length, then the prefix length will be set to the adjustment if positive,
// or it will be set to the adjustment added to the bit count if negative.
func (addr *IPv4Address) AdjustPrefixLen(prefixLen BitCount) *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().adjustPrefixLen(prefixLen).ToIPv4()
}

// AdjustPrefixLenZeroed increases or decreases the prefix length by the given increment while zeroing out the bits that have moved into or outside the prefix.
//
// A prefix length will not be adjusted lower than zero or beyond the bit length of the address.
//
// If this address has no prefix length, then the prefix length will be set to the adjustment if positive,
// or it will be set to the adjustment added to the bit count if negative.
//
// When prefix length is increased, the bits moved within the prefix become zero.
// When a prefix length is decreased, the bits moved outside the prefix become zero.
//
// For example, "1.2.0.0/16" adjusted by -8 becomes "1.0.0.0/8".
// "1.2.0.0/16" adjusted by 8 becomes "1.2.0.0/24".
//
// If the result cannot be zeroed because zeroing out bits results in a non-contiguous segment, an error is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) AdjustPrefixLenZeroed(prefixLen BitCount) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	res, err := addr.init().adjustPrefixLenZeroed(prefixLen)
	return res.ToIPv4(), err
}

// AssignPrefixForSingleBlock returns the equivalent prefix block that matches exactly the range of values in this address.
// The returned block will have an assigned prefix length indicating the prefix length for the block.
//
// There may be no such address - it is required that the range of values match the range of a prefix block.
// If there is no such address, then nil is returned.
//
// Examples:
//   - 1.2.3.4 returns 1.2.3.4/32
//   - 1.2.*.* returns 1.2.0.0/16
//   - 1.2.*.0/24 returns 1.2.0.0/16
//   - 1.2.*.4 returns nil
//   - 1.2.0-1.* returns 1.2.0.0/23
//   - 1.2.1-2.* returns nil
//   - 1.2.252-255.* returns 1.2.252.0/22
//   - 1.2.3.4/16 returns 1.2.3.4/32
func (addr *IPv4Address) AssignPrefixForSingleBlock() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().assignPrefixForSingleBlock().ToIPv4()
}

// AssignMinPrefixForBlock returns an equivalent subnet, assigned the smallest prefix length possible,
// such that the prefix block for that prefix length is in this subnet.
//
// In other words, this method assigns a prefix length to this subnet matching the largest prefix block in this subnet.
//
// Examples:
//   - 1.2.3.4 returns 1.2.3.4/32
//   - 1.2.*.* returns 1.2.0.0/16
//   - 1.2.*.0/24 returns 1.2.0.0/16
//   - 1.2.*.4 returns 1.2.*.4/32
//   - 1.2.0-1.* returns 1.2.0.0/23
//   - 1.2.1-2.* returns 1.2.1-2.0/24
//   - 1.2.252-255.* returns 1.2.252.0/22
//   - 1.2.3.4/16 returns 1.2.3.4/32
func (addr *IPv4Address) AssignMinPrefixForBlock() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().assignMinPrefixForBlock().ToIPv4()
}

// ToSinglePrefixBlockOrAddress converts to a single prefix block or address.
// If the given address is a single prefix block, it is returned.
// If it can be converted to a single prefix block by assigning a prefix length, the converted block is returned.
// If it is a single address, any prefix length is removed and the address is returned.
// Otherwise, nil is returned.
// This method provides the address formats used by tries.
// ToSinglePrefixBlockOrAddress is quite similar to AssignPrefixForSingleBlock, which always returns prefixed addresses, while this does not.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToSinglePrefixBlockOrAddress() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().toSinglePrefixBlockOrAddr().ToIPv4()
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) toSinglePrefixBlockOrAddress() (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	if addr == nil {
		return nil, &incompatibleAddressError{addressError{key: "ipaddress.error.address.not.block"}}
	}
	res := addr.ToSinglePrefixBlockOrAddress()
	if res == nil {
		return nil, &incompatibleAddressError{addressError{key: "ipaddress.error.address.not.block"}}
	}
	return res, nil
}

// ContainsPrefixBlock returns whether the range of this address or subnet contains the block of addresses for the given prefix length.
//
// Unlike ContainsSinglePrefixBlock, whether there are multiple prefix values in this item for the given prefix length makes no difference.
//
// Use GetMinPrefixLenForBlock to determine the smallest prefix length for which this method returns true.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ContainsPrefixBlock(prefixLen BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().ipAddressInternal.ContainsPrefixBlock(prefixLen)
}

// ContainsSinglePrefixBlock returns whether this address contains a single prefix block for the given prefix length.
//
// This means there is only one prefix value for the given prefix length, and it also contains the full prefix block for that prefix, all addresses with that prefix.
//
// Use GetPrefixLenForSingleBlock to determine whether there is a prefix length for which this method returns true.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ContainsSinglePrefixBlock(prefixLen BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().ipAddressInternal.ContainsSinglePrefixBlock(prefixLen)
}

// GetMinPrefixLenForBlock returns the smallest prefix length such that this includes the block of addresses for that prefix length.
//
// If the entire range can be described this way, then this method returns the same value as GetPrefixLenForSingleBlock.
//
// There may be a single prefix, or multiple possible prefix values in this item for the returned prefix length.
// Use GetPrefixLenForSingleBlock to avoid the case of multiple prefix values.
//
// If this represents just a single address, returns the bit length of this address.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetMinPrefixLenForBlock() BitCount {
	return addr.init().ipAddressInternal.GetMinPrefixLenForBlock()
}

// GetPrefixLenForSingleBlock returns a prefix length for which the range of this address subnet matches exactly the block of addresses for that prefix.
//
// If the range can be described this way, then this method returns the same value as GetMinPrefixLenForBlock.
//
// If no such prefix exists, returns nil.
//
// If this segment grouping represents a single value, returns the bit length of this address division series.
//
// Examples:
//   - 1.2.3.4 returns 32
//   - 1.2.3.4/16 returns 32
//   - 1.2.*.* returns 16
//   - 1.2.*.0/24 returns 16
//   - 1.2.0.0/16 returns 16
//   - 1.2.*.4 returns nil
//   - 1.2.252-255.* returns 22
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetPrefixLenForSingleBlock() PrefixLen {
	return addr.init().ipAddressInternal.GetPrefixLenForSingleBlock()
}

// GetValue returns the lowest address in this subnet or address as an integer value.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetValue() *big.Int {
	return addr.init().section.GetValue()
}

// GetUpperValue returns the highest address in this subnet or address as an integer value.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetUpperValue() *big.Int {
	return addr.init().section.GetUpperValue()
}

// Uint32Value returns the lowest address in the subnet range as a uint32.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Uint32Value() uint32 {
	return addr.GetSection().Uint32Value()
}

// UpperUint32Value returns the highest address in the subnet range as a uint32.
func (addr *IPv4Address) UpperUint32Value() uint32 {
	return addr.GetSection().UpperUint32Value()
}

// GetNetIPAddr returns the lowest address in this subnet or address as a net.IPAddr.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetNetIPAddr() *net.IPAddr {
	return &net.IPAddr{
		IP: addr.GetNetIP(),
	}
}

// GetUpperNetIPAddr returns the highest address in this subnet or address as a net.IPAddr.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetUpperNetIPAddr() *net.IPAddr {
	return &net.IPAddr{
		IP: addr.GetUpperNetIP(),
	}
}

// GetNetIP returns the lowest address in this subnet or address as a net.IP.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetNetIP() net.IP {
	return addr.Bytes()
}

// GetUpperNetIP returns the highest address in this subnet or address as a net.IP.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetUpperNetIP() net.IP {
	return addr.UpperBytes()
}

// GetNetNetIPAddr returns the lowest address in this subnet or address range as a netip.Addr.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetNetNetIPAddr() netip.Addr {
	return addr.init().getNetNetIPAddr()
}

// GetUpperNetNetIPAddr returns the highest address in this subnet or address range as a netip.Addr.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetUpperNetNetIPAddr() netip.Addr {
	return addr.init().getUpperNetNetIPAddr()
}

// CopyNetIP copies the value of the lowest individual address in the subnet into a net.IP.
//
// If the value can fit in the given net.IP slice, the value is copied into that slice and a length-adjusted sub-slice is returned.
// Otherwise, a new slice is created and returned with the value.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CopyNetIP(ip net.IP) net.IP {
	if ipv4 := ip.To4(); ipv4 != nil { // this shrinks the arg to 4 bytes if it was 16
		ip = ipv4
	}
	return addr.CopyBytes(ip)
}

// CopyUpperNetIP copies the value of the highest individual address in the subnet into a net.IP.
//
// If the value can fit in the given net.IP slice, the value is copied into that slice and a length-adjusted sub-slice is returned.
// Otherwise, a new slice is created and returned with the value.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CopyUpperNetIP(ip net.IP) net.IP {
	if ipv4 := ip.To4(); ipv4 != nil { // this shrinks the arg to 4 bytes if it was 16
		ip = ipv4
	}
	return addr.CopyUpperBytes(ip)
}

// Bytes returns the lowest address in this subnet or address as a byte slice.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Bytes() []byte {
	return addr.init().section.Bytes()
}

// UpperBytes returns the highest address in this subnet or address as a byte slice.
func (addr *IPv4Address) UpperBytes() []byte {
	return addr.init().section.UpperBytes()
}

// CopyBytes copies the value of the lowest individual address in the subnet into a byte slice.
//
// If the value can fit in the given slice, the value is copied into that slice and a length-adjusted sub-slice is returned.
// Otherwise, a new slice is created and returned with the value.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CopyBytes(bytes []byte) []byte {
	return addr.init().section.CopyBytes(bytes)
}

// CopyUpperBytes copies the value of the highest individual address in the subnet into a byte slice.
//
// If the value can fit in the given slice, the value is copied into that slice and a length-adjusted sub-slice is returned.
// Otherwise, a new slice is created and returned with the value.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CopyUpperBytes(bytes []byte) []byte {
	return addr.init().section.CopyUpperBytes(bytes)
}

// IsMax returns whether this address matches exactly the maximum possible value, the address whose bits are all ones.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsMax() bool {
	return addr.init().section.IsMax()
}

// IncludesMax returns whether this address includes the max address, the address whose bits are all ones, within its range.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IncludesMax() bool {
	return addr.init().section.IncludesMax()
}

// TestBit returns true if the bit in the lower value of this address at the given index is 1, where index 0 refers to the least significant bit.
// In other words, it computes (bits & (1 << n)) != 0), using the lower value of this address.
// TestBit will panic if n < 0, or if it matches or exceeds the bit count of this item.
func (addr *IPv4Address) TestBit(n BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().testBit(n)
}

// IsOneBit returns true if the bit in the lower value of this address at the given index is 1, where index 0 refers to the most significant bit.
// IsOneBit will panic if bitIndex is less than zero, or if it is larger than the bit count of this item.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsOneBit(bitIndex BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().isOneBit(bitIndex)
}

// PrefixEqual determines if the given address matches this address up to the prefix length of this address.
// It returns whether the two addresses share the same range of prefix values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) PrefixEqual(other AddressType) bool {
	return addr.init().prefixEquals(other)
}

// PrefixContains returns whether the prefix values in the given address or subnet
// are prefix values in this address or subnet, using the prefix length of this address or subnet.
// If this address has no prefix length, the entire address is compared.
//
// It returns whether the prefix of this address contains all values of the same prefix length in the given address.
func (addr *IPv4Address) PrefixContains(other AddressType) bool {
	return addr.init().prefixContains(other)
}

// Contains returns whether this is the same type and version as the given address or subnet and whether it contains all addresses in the given address or subnet.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Contains(other AddressType) bool {
	if other == nil || other.ToAddressBase() == nil {
		return true
	} else if addr == nil {
		return false
	}
	addr = addr.init()
	otherAddr := other.ToAddressBase() // runs init before calling getAddrType below
	if addr.ToAddressBase() == otherAddr {
		return true
	}
	return otherAddr.getAddrType() == ipv4Type && addr.section.sameCountTypeContains(otherAddr.GetSection())
}

// Compare returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer if this address or subnet is less than, equal, or greater than the given item.
// Any address item is comparable to any other.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Compare(item AddressItem) int {
	return CountComparator.Compare(addr, item)
}

// Equal returns whether the given address or subnet is equal to this address or subnet.
// Two address instances are equal if they represent the same set of addresses.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Equal(other AddressType) bool {
	if addr == nil {
		return other == nil || other.ToAddressBase() == nil
	} else if other.ToAddressBase() == nil {
		return false
	}
	return other.ToAddressBase().getAddrType() == ipv4Type && addr.init().section.sameCountTypeEquals(other.ToAddressBase().GetSection())
}

// CompareSize compares the counts of two subnets or addresses or other items, the number of individual addresses or items within.
//
// Rather than calculating counts with GetCount, there can be more efficient ways of determining whether this subnet represents more individual addresses than another item.
//
// CompareSize returns a positive integer if this address or subnet has a larger count than the one given, zero if they are the same, or a negative integer if the other has a larger count.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CompareSize(other AddressItem) int {
	if addr == nil {
		if isNilItem(other) {
			return 0
		}
		// we have size 0, other has size >= 1
		return -1
	}
	return addr.init().compareSize(other)
}

// TrieCompare compares two addresses according to address trie ordering.
// It returns a number less than zero, zero, or a number greater than zero if the first address argument is less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
//
// The comparison is intended for individual addresses and CIDR prefix blocks.
// If an address is neither an individual address nor a prefix block, it is treated like one:
//
//   - ranges that occur inside the prefix length are ignored, only the lower value is used.
//   - ranges beyond the prefix length are assumed to be the full range across all hosts for that prefix length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) TrieCompare(other *IPv4Address) int {
	return addr.init().trieCompare(other.ToAddressBase())
}

// TrieIncrement returns the next address or block according to address trie ordering
//
// If an address is neither an individual address nor a prefix block, it is treated like one:
//
//   - ranges that occur inside the prefix length are ignored, only the lower value is used.
//   - ranges beyond the prefix length are assumed to be the full range across all hosts for that prefix length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) TrieIncrement() *IPv4Address {
	if res, ok := trieIncrement(addr); ok {
		return res
	}
	return nil
}

// TrieDecrement returns the previous address or block according to address trie ordering
//
// If an address is neither an individual address nor a prefix block, it is treated like one:
//
//   - ranges that occur inside the prefix length are ignored, only the lower value is used.
//   - ranges beyond the prefix length are assumed to be the full range across all hosts for that prefix length.
func (addr *IPv4Address) TrieDecrement() *IPv4Address {
	if res, ok := trieDecrement(addr); ok {
		return res
	}
	return nil
}

// MatchesWithMask applies the mask to this address and then compares the result with the given address,
// returning true if they match, false otherwise.
func (addr *IPv4Address) MatchesWithMask(other *IPv4Address, mask *IPv4Address) bool {
	return addr.init().GetSection().MatchesWithMask(other.GetSection(), mask.GetSection())
}

// GetMaxSegmentValue returns the maximum possible segment value for this type of address.
//
// Note this is not the maximum of the range of segment values in this specific address,
// this is the maximum value of any segment for this address type and version, determined by the number of bits per segment.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetMaxSegmentValue() SegInt {
	return addr.init().getMaxSegmentValue()
}

// ToSequentialRange creates a sequential range instance from the lowest and highest addresses in this subnet.
//
// The two will represent the same set of individual addresses if and only if IsSequential is true.
// To get a series of ranges that represent the same set of individual addresses use the SequentialBlockIterator (or PrefixIterator),
// and apply this method to each iterated subnet.
//
// If this represents just a single address then the returned instance covers just that single address as well.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToSequentialRange() *SequentialRange[*IPv4Address] {
	if addr == nil {
		return nil
	}
	addr = addr.init().WithoutPrefixLen()
	return newSequRangeUnchecked(
		addr.GetLower(),
		addr.GetUpper(),
		addr.isMultiple())
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) getLowestHighestAddrs() (lower, upper *IPv4Address) {
	l, u := addr.ipAddressInternal.getLowestHighestAddrs()
	return l.ToIPv4(), u.ToIPv4()
}

// ToBroadcastAddress returns the IPv4 broadcast address.
// The broadcast address has the same prefix but a host that is all 1 bits.
// If this address or subnet is not prefixed, this returns the address of all 1 bits, the "max" address.
// This returns an error if a prefixed and ranged-valued segment cannot be converted to a host of all ones and remain a range of consecutive values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToBroadcastAddress() (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	return addr.ToMaxHost()
}

// ToNetworkAddress returns the IPv4 network address.
// The network address has the same prefix but a zero host.
// If this address or subnet is not prefixed, this returns the zero "any" address.
// This returns an error if a prefixed and ranged-valued segment cannot be converted to a host of all zeros and remain a range of consecutive values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToNetworkAddress() (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	return addr.ToZeroHost()
}

// ToAddressString retrieves or generates an IPAddressString instance for this IPAddress instance.
// This may be the IPAddressString this instance was generated from, if it was generated from an IPAddressString.
//
// In general, users are intended to create IPAddress instances from IPAddressString instances,
// while the reverse direction is generally not common and not useful, except under specific circumstances.
//
// However, the reverse direction can be useful under certain circumstances,
// such as when maintaining a collection of HostIdentifierString instances.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToAddressString() *IPAddressString {
	return addr.init().ToIP().ToAddressString()
}

// IncludesZeroHostLen returns whether the subnet contains an individual address with a host of zero, an individual address for which all bits past the given prefix length are zero.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IncludesZeroHostLen(networkPrefixLength BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().includesZeroHostLen(networkPrefixLength)
}

// IncludesMaxHostLen returns whether the subnet contains an individual address with a host of all one-bits, an individual address for which all bits past the given prefix length are all ones.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IncludesMaxHostLen(networkPrefixLength BitCount) bool {
	return addr.init().includesMaxHostLen(networkPrefixLength)
}

// IsLinkLocal returns whether the address is link local, whether unicast or multicast.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsLinkLocal() bool {
	if addr.IsMulticast() {
		//224.0.0.252	Link-local Multicast Name Resolution	[RFC4795]
		return addr.GetSegment(0).Matches(224) && addr.GetSegment(1).IsZero() && addr.GetSegment(2).IsZero() && addr.GetSegment(3).Matches(252)
	}
	return addr.GetSegment(0).Matches(169) && addr.GetSegment(1).Matches(254)
}

// IsPrivate returns whether this is a unicast addresses allocated for private use,
// as defined by RFC 1918.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsPrivate() bool {
	// refer to RFC 1918
	// 10/8 prefix
	// 172.16/12 prefix (172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255)
	// 192.168/16 prefix
	seg0, seg1 := addr.GetSegment(0), addr.GetSegment(1)
	return seg0.Matches(10) ||
		(seg0.Matches(172) && seg1.MatchesWithPrefixMask(16, 4)) ||
		(seg0.Matches(192) && seg1.Matches(168))
}

// IsMulticast returns whether this address or subnet is entirely multicast.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsMulticast() bool {
	// 1110...
	//224.0.0.0/4
	return addr.GetSegment(0).MatchesWithPrefixMask(0xe0, 4)
}

// IsLocal returns true if the address is link local, site local, organization local, administered locally, or unspecified.
// This includes both unicast and multicast.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsLocal() bool {
	if addr.IsMulticast() {
		//1110...
		seg0 := addr.GetSegment(0)
		//http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPMulticastAddressing.htm
		//RFC 4607 and https://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses/multicast-addresses.xhtml

		//239.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 organization local
		if seg0.matches(239) {
			return true
		}
		seg1, seg2 := addr.GetSegment(1), addr.GetSegment(2)

		// 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 local
		// includes link local multicast name resolution https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4795 224.0.0.252
		return (seg0.matches(224) && seg1.IsZero() && seg2.IsZero()) ||
			//232.0.0.1 - 232.0.0.255	Reserved for IANA allocation	[RFC4607]
			//232.0.1.0 - 232.255.255.255	Reserved for local host allocation	[RFC4607]
			(seg0.matches(232) && !(seg1.IsZero() && seg2.IsZero()))
	}
	return addr.IsLinkLocal() || addr.IsPrivate() || addr.IsAnyLocal()
}

// IsUnspecified returns whether this is the unspecified address.  The unspecified address is the address that is all zeros.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsUnspecified() bool {
	return addr.section == nil || addr.IsZero()
}

// IsAnyLocal returns whether this address is the address which binds to any address on the local host.
// This is the address that has the value of 0, aka the unspecified address.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsAnyLocal() bool {
	return addr.section == nil || addr.IsZero()
}

// IsLoopback returns whether this address is a loopback address, such as "127.0.0.1".
func (addr *IPv4Address) IsLoopback() bool {
	return addr.section != nil && addr.GetSegment(0).Matches(127)
}

// Iterator provides an iterator to iterate through the individual addresses of this address or subnet.
//
// When iterating, the prefix length is preserved.  Remove it using WithoutPrefixLen prior to iterating if you wish to drop it from all individual addresses.
//
// Call IsMultiple to determine if this instance represents multiple addresses, or GetCount for the count.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Iterator() Iterator[*IPv4Address] {
	if addr == nil {
		return ipv4AddressIterator{nilAddrIterator()}
	}
	return ipv4AddressIterator{addr.init().addrIterator(nil)}
}

// PrefixIterator provides an iterator to iterate through the individual prefixes of this subnet,
// each iterated element spanning the range of values for its prefix.
//
// It is similar to the prefix block iterator, except for possibly the first and last iterated elements, which might not be prefix blocks,
// instead constraining themselves to values from this subnet.
//
// If the subnet has no prefix length, then this is equivalent to Iterator.
func (addr *IPv4Address) PrefixIterator() Iterator[*IPv4Address] {
	return ipv4AddressIterator{addr.init().prefixIterator(false)}
}

// PrefixBlockIterator provides an iterator to iterate through the individual prefix blocks, one for each prefix of this address or subnet.
// Each iterated address or subnet will be a prefix block with the same prefix length as this address or subnet.
//
// If this address has no prefix length, then this is equivalent to Iterator.
func (addr *IPv4Address) PrefixBlockIterator() Iterator[*IPv4Address] {
	return ipv4AddressIterator{addr.init().prefixIterator(true)}
}

// BlockIterator iterates through the addresses that can be obtained by iterating through all the upper segments up to the given segment count.
// The segments following remain the same in all iterated addresses.
//
// For instance, given the IPv4 subnet "1-2.3-4.5-6.7" and the count argument 2,
// BlockIterator will iterate through "1.3.5-6.7", "1.4.5-6.7", "2.3.5-6.7" and "2.4.5-6.7".
func (addr *IPv4Address) BlockIterator(segmentCount int) Iterator[*IPv4Address] {
	return ipv4AddressIterator{addr.init().blockIterator(segmentCount)}
}

// SequentialBlockIterator iterates through the sequential subnets or addresses that make up this address or subnet.
//
// Practically, this means finding the count of segments for which the segments that follow are not full range, and then using BlockIterator with that segment count.
//
// For instance, given the IPv4 subnet "1-2.3-4.5-6.7-8", it will iterate through "1.3.5.7-8", "1.3.6.7-8", "1.4.5.7-8", "1.4.6.7-8", "2.3.5.7-8", "2.3.6.7-8", "2.4.6.7-8" and "2.4.6.7-8".
//
// Use GetSequentialBlockCount to get the number of iterated elements.
func (addr *IPv4Address) SequentialBlockIterator() Iterator[*IPv4Address] {
	return ipv4AddressIterator{addr.init().sequentialBlockIterator()}
}

// GetSequentialBlockIndex gets the minimal segment index for which all following segments are full-range blocks.
//
// The segment at this index is not a full-range block itself, unless all segments are full-range.
// The segment at this index and all following segments form a sequential range.
// For the full subnet to be sequential, the preceding segments must be single-valued.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSequentialBlockIndex() int {
	return addr.init().getSequentialBlockIndex()
}

// GetSequentialBlockCount provides the count of elements from the sequential block iterator, the minimal number of sequential subnets that comprise this subnet.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSequentialBlockCount() *big.Int {
	return addr.getSequentialBlockCount()
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) rangeIterator(
	upper *IPv4Address,
	valsAreMultiple bool,
	prefixLen PrefixLen,
	segProducer func(addr *IPAddress, index int) *IPAddressSegment,
	segmentIteratorProducer func(seg *IPAddressSegment, index int) Iterator[*IPAddressSegment],
	segValueComparator func(seg1, seg2 *IPAddress, index int) bool,
	networkSegmentIndex,
	hostSegmentIndex int,
	prefixedSegIteratorProducer func(seg *IPAddressSegment, index int) Iterator[*IPAddressSegment],
) Iterator[*IPv4Address] {
	return ipv4AddressIterator{addr.ipAddressInternal.rangeIterator(upper.ToIP(), valsAreMultiple, prefixLen, segProducer, segmentIteratorProducer, segValueComparator, networkSegmentIndex, hostSegmentIndex, prefixedSegIteratorProducer)}
}

// IncrementBoundary returns the address that is the given increment from the range boundaries of this subnet.
//
// If the given increment is positive, adds the value to the upper address (GetUpper) in the subnet range to produce a new address.
// If the given increment is negative, adds the value to the lower address (GetLower) in the subnet range to produce a new address.
// If the increment is zero, returns this address.
//
// If this is a single address value, that address is simply incremented by the given increment value, positive or negative.
//
// On address overflow or underflow, IncrementBoundary returns nil.
func (addr *IPv4Address) IncrementBoundary(increment int64) *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().incrementBoundary(increment).ToIPv4()
}

// Increment returns the address from the subnet that is the given increment upwards into the subnet range,
// with the increment of 0 returning the first address in the range.
//
// If the increment i matches or exceeds the subnet size count c, then i - c + 1
// is added to the upper address of the range.
// An increment matching the subnet count gives you the address just above the highest address in the subnet.
//
// If the increment is negative, it is added to the lower address of the range.
// To get the address just below the lowest address of the subnet, use the increment -1.
//
// If this is just a single address value, the address is simply incremented by the given increment, positive or negative.
//
// If this is a subnet with multiple values, a positive increment i is equivalent i + 1 values from the subnet iterator and beyond.
// For instance, a increment of 0 is the first value from the iterator, an increment of 1 is the second value from the iterator, and so on.
// An increment of a negative value added to the subnet count is equivalent to the same number of iterator values preceding the upper bound of the iterator.
// For instance, an increment of count - 1 is the last value from the iterator, an increment of count - 2 is the second last value, and so on.
//
// On address overflow or underflow, Increment returns nil.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Increment(increment int64) *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().increment(increment).ToIPv4()
}

// SpanWithPrefixBlocks returns an array of prefix blocks that cover the same set of addresses as this subnet.
//
// Unlike SpanWithPrefixBlocksTo, the result only includes addresses that are a part of this subnet.
func (addr *IPv4Address) SpanWithPrefixBlocks() []*IPv4Address {
	if addr.IsSequential() {
		if addr.IsSinglePrefixBlock() {
			return []*IPv4Address{addr}
		}
		wrapped := wrapIPAddress(addr.ToIP())
		spanning := getSpanningPrefixBlocks(wrapped, wrapped)
		return cloneToIPv4Addrs(spanning)
	}
	wrapped := wrapIPAddress(addr.ToIP())
	return cloneToIPv4Addrs(spanWithPrefixBlocks(wrapped))
}

// SpanWithPrefixBlocksTo returns the smallest slice of prefix block subnets that span from this subnet to the given subnet.
//
// The resulting slice is sorted from lowest address value to highest, regardless of the size of each prefix block.
//
// From the list of returned subnets you can recover the original range (this to other) by converting each to IPAddressRange with ToSequentialRange
// and them joining them into a single range with the Join method of IPAddressSeqRange.
func (addr *IPv4Address) SpanWithPrefixBlocksTo(other *IPv4Address) []*IPv4Address {
	return cloneToIPv4Addrs(
		getSpanningPrefixBlocks(
			wrapIPAddress(addr.ToIP()),
			wrapIPAddress(other.ToIP()),
		),
	)
}

// SpanWithSequentialBlocks produces the smallest slice of sequential blocks that cover the same set of addresses as this subnet.
//
// This slice can be shorter than that produced by SpanWithPrefixBlocks and is never longer.
//
// Unlike SpanWithSequentialBlocksTo, this method only includes addresses that are a part of this subnet.
func (addr *IPv4Address) SpanWithSequentialBlocks() []*IPv4Address {
	if addr.IsSequential() {
		return []*IPv4Address{addr}
	}
	wrapped := wrapIPAddress(addr.ToIP())
	return cloneToIPv4Addrs(spanWithSequentialBlocks(wrapped))
}

// SpanWithSequentialBlocksTo produces the smallest slice of sequential block subnets that span all values from this subnet to the given subnet.
// The span will cover all addresses in both subnets and everything in between.
//
// Individual block subnets come in the form "1-3.1-4.5.6-8", however that particular subnet is not sequential since address "1.1.5.8" is in the subnet,
// the next sequential address "1.1.5.9" is not in the subnet, and a higher address "1.2.5.6" is in the subnet.
// Blocks are sequential when the first segment with a range of values is followed by segments that span all values.
//
// The resulting slice is sorted from lowest address value to highest, regardless of the size of each prefix block.
func (addr *IPv4Address) SpanWithSequentialBlocksTo(other *IPv4Address) []*IPv4Address {
	return cloneToIPv4Addrs(
		getSpanningSequentialBlocks(
			wrapIPAddress(addr.ToIP()),
			wrapIPAddress(other.ToIP()),
		),
	)
}

// CoverWithPrefixBlockTo returns the minimal-size prefix block that covers all the addresses spanning from this subnet to the given subnet.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CoverWithPrefixBlockTo(other *IPv4Address) *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().coverWithPrefixBlockTo(other.ToIP()).ToIPv4()
}

// CoverWithPrefixBlock returns the minimal-size prefix block that covers all the addresses in this subnet.
// The resulting block will have a larger subnet size than this, unless this subnet is already a prefix block.
func (addr *IPv4Address) CoverWithPrefixBlock() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().coverWithPrefixBlock().ToIPv4()
}

// MergeToSequentialBlocks merges this with the list of addresses to produce the smallest array of sequential blocks.
//
// The resulting slice is sorted from lowest address value to highest, regardless of the size of each prefix block.
func (addr *IPv4Address) MergeToSequentialBlocks(addrs ...*IPv4Address) []*IPv4Address {
	series := cloneIPv4Addrs(addr, addrs)
	blocks := getMergedSequentialBlocks(series)
	return cloneToIPv4Addrs(blocks)
}

// MergeToPrefixBlocks merges this subnet with the list of subnets to produce the smallest array of CIDR prefix blocks.
//
// The resulting slice is sorted from lowest address value to highest, regardless of the size of each prefix block.
func (addr *IPv4Address) MergeToPrefixBlocks(addrs ...*IPv4Address) []*IPv4Address {
	series := cloneIPv4Addrs(addr, addrs)
	blocks := getMergedPrefixBlocks(series)
	return cloneToIPv4Addrs(blocks)
}

// ReverseBytes returns a new address with the bytes reversed.  Any prefix length is dropped.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ReverseBytes() *IPv4Address {
	addr = addr.init()
	return addr.checkIdentity(addr.GetSection().ReverseBytes())
}

// ReverseBits returns a new address with the bits reversed.  Any prefix length is dropped.
//
// If the bits within a single segment cannot be reversed because the segment represents a range,
// and reversing the segment values results in a range that is not contiguous, this returns an error.
//
// In practice this means that to be reversible, a segment range must include all values except possibly the largest and/or smallest, which reverse to themselves.
//
// If perByte is true, the bits are reversed within each byte, otherwise all the bits are reversed.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ReverseBits(perByte bool) (*IPv4Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	addr = addr.init()
	res, err := addr.GetSection().ReverseBits(perByte)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return addr.checkIdentity(res), nil
}

// ReverseSegments returns a new address with the segments reversed.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ReverseSegments() *IPv4Address {
	addr = addr.init()
	return addr.checkIdentity(addr.GetSection().ReverseSegments())
}

// ReplaceLen replaces segments starting from startIndex and ending before endIndex with the same number of segments starting at replacementStartIndex from the replacement section.
// Mappings to or from indices outside the range of this or the replacement address are skipped.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ReplaceLen(startIndex, endIndex int, replacement *IPv4Address, replacementIndex int) *IPv4Address {
	if replacementIndex <= 0 {
		startIndex -= replacementIndex
		replacementIndex = 0
	} else if replacementIndex >= IPv4SegmentCount {
		return addr
	}
	// We must do a 1 to 1 adjustment of indices before calling the section replace which would do an adjustment of indices not 1 to 1.
	// Here we assume replacementIndex is 0 and working on the subsection starting at that index.
	// In other words, a replacementIndex of x on the whole section is equivalent to replacementIndex of 0 on the shorter subsection starting at x.
	// Then afterwards we use the original replacement index to work on the whole section again, adjusting as needed.
	startIndex, endIndex, replacementIndexAdjustment := adjust1To1Indices(startIndex, endIndex, IPv4SegmentCount, IPv4SegmentCount-replacementIndex)
	if startIndex == endIndex {
		return addr
	}
	replacementIndex += replacementIndexAdjustment
	count := endIndex - startIndex
	return addr.init().checkIdentity(addr.GetSection().ReplaceLen(startIndex, endIndex, replacement.GetSection(), replacementIndex, replacementIndex+count))
}

// Replace replaces segments starting from startIndex with segments from the replacement section.
// Mappings to or from indices outside the range of this address or the replacement section are skipped.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Replace(startIndex int, replacement *IPv4AddressSection) *IPv4Address {
	// We must do a 1 to 1 adjustment of indices before calling the section replace which would do an adjustment of indices not 1 to 1.
	startIndex, endIndex, replacementIndex :=
		adjust1To1Indices(startIndex, startIndex+replacement.GetSegmentCount(), IPv4SegmentCount, replacement.GetSegmentCount())
	count := endIndex - startIndex
	return addr.init().checkIdentity(addr.GetSection().ReplaceLen(startIndex, endIndex, replacement, replacementIndex, replacementIndex+count))
}

// GetLeadingBitCount returns the number of consecutive leading one or zero bits.
// If ones is true, returns the number of consecutive leading one bits.
// Otherwise, returns the number of consecutive leading zero bits.
//
// This method applies to the lower value of the range if this is a subnet representing multiple values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetLeadingBitCount(ones bool) BitCount {
	return addr.init().getLeadingBitCount(ones)
}

// GetTrailingBitCount returns the number of consecutive trailing one or zero bits.
// If ones is true, returns the number of consecutive trailing zero bits.
// Otherwise, returns the number of consecutive trailing one bits.
//
// This method applies to the lower value of the range if this is a subnet representing multiple values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetTrailingBitCount(ones bool) BitCount {
	return addr.init().getTrailingBitCount(ones)
}

// GetNetwork returns the singleton IPv4 network instance.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetNetwork() IPAddressNetwork {
	return ipv4Network
}

// GetIPv6Address creates an IPv6 mixed address using the given ipv6 segments and using this address for the embedded IPv4 segments
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetIPv6Address(section *IPv6AddressSection) (*IPv6Address, addrerr.AddressError) {
	if section.GetSegmentCount() < IPv6MixedOriginalSegmentCount {
		return nil, &addressValueError{addressError: addressError{key: "ipaddress.mac.error.not.eui.convertible"}}
	}
	newSegs := createSegmentArray(IPv6SegmentCount)
	section = section.WithoutPrefixLen()
	section.copyDivisions(newSegs)
	sect, err := createMixedSection(newSegs, addr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return newIPv6Address(sect), nil
}

// GetIPv4MappedAddress returns the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address corresponding to this IPv4 address.
// The IPv4-mapped IPv6 address is all zeros in the first 12 bytes, with the last 4 bytes matching the bytes of this IPv4 address.
// See rfc 5156 for details.
// If this is a subnet with segment ranges which cannot be converted to two IPv6 segment ranges, than an error is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetIPv4MappedAddress() (*IPv6Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	zero := zeroIPv6Seg.ToDiv()
	segs := createSegmentArray(IPv6SegmentCount)
	segs[0], segs[1], segs[2], segs[3], segs[4] = zero, zero, zero, zero, zero
	segs[5] = NewIPv6Segment(IPv6MaxValuePerSegment).ToDiv()
	var sect *IPv6AddressSection
	sect, err := createMixedSection(segs, addr.WithoutPrefixLen())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return newIPv6Address(sect), nil
}

// returns an error if the first or 3rd segments have a range of values that cannot be combined with their neighbouting segments into IPv6 segments
func (addr *IPv4Address) getIPv6Address(ipv6Segs []*AddressDivision) (*IPv6Address, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	newSegs := createSegmentArray(IPv6SegmentCount)
	copy(newSegs, ipv6Segs)
	sect, err := createMixedSection(newSegs, addr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return newIPv6Address(sect), nil
}

func createMixedSection(newIPv6Divisions []*AddressDivision, mixedSection *IPv4Address) (res *IPv6AddressSection, err addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	ipv4Section := mixedSection.GetSection().WithoutPrefixLen()
	var seg *IPv6AddressSegment
	if seg, err = ipv4Section.GetSegment(0).Join(ipv4Section.GetSegment(1)); err == nil {
		newIPv6Divisions[6] = seg.ToDiv()
		if seg, err = ipv4Section.GetSegment(2).Join(ipv4Section.GetSegment(3)); err == nil {
			newIPv6Divisions[7] = seg.ToDiv()
			res = newIPv6SectionFromMixed(newIPv6Divisions)
			if res.cache != nil {
				nonMixedSection := res.createNonMixedSection()
				mixedGrouping := newIPv6v4MixedGrouping(
					nonMixedSection,
					ipv4Section,
				)
				mixed := &mixedCache{
					defaultMixedAddressSection: mixedGrouping,
					embeddedIPv6Section:        nonMixedSection,
					embeddedIPv4Section:        ipv4Section,
				}
				res.cache.mixed = mixed
			}
		}
	}
	return
}

// Format implements [fmt.Formatter] interface. It accepts the formats
//   - 'v' for the default address and section format (either the normalized or canonical string),
//   - 's' (string) for the same,
//   - 'b' (binary), 'o' (octal with 0 prefix), 'O' (octal with 0o prefix),
//   - 'd' (decimal), 'x' (lowercase hexadecimal), and
//   - 'X' (uppercase hexadecimal).
//
// Also supported are some of fmt's format flags for integral types.
// Sign control is not supported since addresses and sections are never negative.
// '#' for an alternate format is supported, which adds a leading zero for octal, and for hexadecimal it adds
// a leading "0x" or "0X" for "%#x" and "%#X" respectively.
// Also supported is specification of minimum digits precision, output field width,
// space or zero padding, and '-' for left or right justification.
func (addr IPv4Address) Format(state fmt.State, verb rune) {
	addr.init().format(state, verb)
}

// String implements the [fmt.Stringer] interface, returning the canonical string provided by ToCanonicalString, or "<nil>" if the receiver is a nil pointer.
func (addr *IPv4Address) String() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toString()
}

// GetSegmentStrings returns a slice with the string for each segment being the string that is normalized with wildcards.
func (addr *IPv4Address) GetSegmentStrings() []string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return addr.init().getSegmentStrings()
}

// ToCanonicalString produces a canonical string for the address.
//
// For IPv4, dotted octet format, also known as dotted decimal format, is used.
// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-main-ipaddr-text-rep-00#section-2.1
//
// Each address has a unique canonical string, not counting the prefix length.
// With IP addresses, the prefix length can cause two equal addresses to have different strings, for example "1.2.3.4/16" and "1.2.3.4".
// It can also cause two different addresses to have the same string, such as "1.2.0.0/16" for the individual address "1.2.0.0" and also the prefix block "1.2.*.*".
// Use ToCanonicalWildcardString for a unique string for each IP address and subnet.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToCanonicalString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toCanonicalString()
}

// ToNormalizedString produces a normalized string for the address.
//
// For IPv4, it is the same as the canonical string.
//
// Each address has a unique normalized string, not counting the prefix length.
// With IP addresses, the prefix length can cause two equal addresses to have different strings, for example "1.2.3.4/16" and "1.2.3.4".
// It can also cause two different addresses to have the same string, such as "1.2.0.0/16" for the individual address "1.2.0.0" and also the prefix block "1.2.*.*".
// Use the method ToNormalizedWildcardString for a unique string for each IP address and subnet.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToNormalizedString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toNormalizedString()
}

// ToCompressedString produces a short representation of this address while remaining within the confines of standard representation(s) of the address.
//
// For IPv4, it is the same as the canonical string.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToCompressedString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toCompressedString()
}

// ToCanonicalWildcardString produces a string similar to the canonical string and avoids the CIDR prefix length.
// Addresses and subnets with a network prefix length will be shown with wildcards and ranges (denoted by '*' and '-') instead of using the CIDR prefix length notation.
// For IPv4 it is the same as ToNormalizedWildcardString.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToCanonicalWildcardString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toCanonicalWildcardString()
}

// ToNormalizedWildcardString produces a string similar to the normalized string but avoids the CIDR prefix length.
// CIDR addresses will be shown with wildcards and ranges (denoted by '*' and '-') instead of using the CIDR prefix notation.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToNormalizedWildcardString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toNormalizedWildcardString()
}

// ToSegmentedBinaryString writes this address as segments of binary values preceded by the "0b" prefix.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToSegmentedBinaryString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toSegmentedBinaryString()
}

// ToSQLWildcardString create a string similar to that from toNormalizedWildcardString except that
// it uses SQL wildcards.  It uses '%' instead of '*' and also uses the wildcard '_'.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToSQLWildcardString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toSQLWildcardString()
}

// ToFullString produces a string with no compressed segments and all segments of full length with leading zeros,
// which is 3 characters for IPv4 segments.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToFullString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toFullString()
}

// ToReverseDNSString generates the reverse-DNS lookup string.
// For IPV4, the error is always nil.
// For "8.255.4.4" it is "4.4.255.8.in-addr.arpa".
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToReverseDNSString() (string, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString(), nil
	}
	str, _ := addr.init().toReverseDNSString()
	return str, nil
}

// ToPrefixLenString returns a string with a CIDR network prefix length if this address has a network prefix length.
// For IPv6, a zero host section will be compressed with "::". For IPv4 the string is equivalent to the canonical string.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToPrefixLenString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toPrefixLenString()
}

// ToSubnetString produces a string with specific formats for subnets.
// The subnet string looks like "1.2.*.*" or "1:2::/16".
//
// In the case of IPv4, this means that wildcards are used instead of a network prefix when a network prefix has been supplied.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToSubnetString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toSubnetString()
}

// ToCompressedWildcardString produces a string similar to ToNormalizedWildcardString, and in fact
// for IPv4 it is the same as ToNormalizedWildcardString.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToCompressedWildcardString() string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.init().toCompressedWildcardString()
}

// ToHexString writes this address as a single hexadecimal value (possibly two values if a range that is not a prefixed block),
// the number of digits according to the bit count, with or without a preceding "0x" prefix.
//
// If a subnet cannot be written as a single prefix block or a range of two values, an error is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToHexString(with0xPrefix bool) (string, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString(), nil
	}
	return addr.init().toHexString(with0xPrefix)
}

// ToOctalString writes this address as a single octal value (possibly two values if a range that is not a prefixed block),
// the number of digits according to the bit count, with or without a preceding "0" prefix.
//
// If a subnet cannot be written as a single prefix block or a range of two values, an error is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToOctalString(with0Prefix bool) (string, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString(), nil
	}
	return addr.init().toOctalString(with0Prefix)
}

// ToBinaryString writes this address as a single binary value (possibly two values if a range that is not a prefixed block),
// the number of digits according to the bit count, with or without a preceding "0b" prefix.
//
// If a subnet cannot be written as a single prefix block or a range of two values, an error is returned.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToBinaryString(with0bPrefix bool) (string, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString(), nil
	}
	return addr.init().toBinaryString(with0bPrefix)
}

// ToUNCHostName Generates the Microsoft UNC path component for this address.
//
// For IPv4 it is the canonical string.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToUNCHostName() string {
	return addr.ToCanonicalString()
}

// ToInetAtonString returns a string with a format that is styled from the inet_aton routine.
// The string can have an octal or hexadecimal radix rather than decimal.
// When using octal, the octal segments each have a leading zero prefix of "0", and when using hex, a prefix of "0x".
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToInetAtonString(radix Inet_aton_radix) string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.GetSection().ToInetAtonString(radix)
}

// ToInetAtonJoinedString returns a string with a format that is styled from the inet_aton routine.
// The string can have an octal or hexadecimal radix rather than decimal,
// and can have less than the typical four IPv4 segments by joining the least significant segments together,
// resulting in a string which just 1, 2 or 3 divisions.
//
// When using octal, the octal segments each have a leading zero prefix of "0", and when using hex, a prefix of "0x".
//
// If this represents a subnet section, this returns an error when unable to join two or more segments
// into a division of a larger bit-length that represents the same set of values.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToInetAtonJoinedString(radix Inet_aton_radix, joinedCount int) (string, addrerr.IncompatibleAddressError) {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString(), nil
	}
	return addr.GetSection().ToInetAtonJoinedString(radix, joinedCount)
}

// ToCustomString creates a customized string from this address or subnet according to the given string option parameters.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToCustomString(stringOptions addrstr.IPStringOptions) string {
	if addr == nil {
		return nilString()
	}
	return addr.GetSection().toCustomString(stringOptions)
}

// ToAddressBase converts to an Address, a polymorphic type usable with all addresses and subnets.
// Afterwards, you can convert back with ToIPv4.
//
// ToAddressBase can be called with a nil receiver, enabling you to chain this method with methods that might return a nil pointer.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToAddressBase() *Address {
	if addr != nil {
		addr = addr.init()
	}
	return (*Address)(unsafe.Pointer(addr))
}

// toAddressBase is needed for tries, it skips the init() call
func (addr *IPv4Address) toAddressBase() *Address {
	return (*Address)(unsafe.Pointer(addr))
}

// ToIP converts to an IPAddress, a polymorphic type usable with all IP addresses and subnets.
// Afterwards, you can convert back with ToIPv4.
//
// ToIP can be called with a nil receiver, enabling you to chain this method with methods that might return a nil pointer.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToIP() *IPAddress {
	if addr != nil {
		addr = addr.init()
	}
	return (*IPAddress)(addr)
}

// Wrap wraps this IP address, returning a WrappedIPAddress, an implementation of ExtendedIPSegmentSeries,
// which can be used to write code that works with both IP addresses and IP address sections.
// Wrap can be called with a nil receiver, wrapping a nil address.
func (addr *IPv4Address) Wrap() WrappedIPAddress {
	return wrapIPAddress(addr.ToIP())
}

// WrapAddress wraps this IP address, returning a WrappedAddress, an implementation of ExtendedSegmentSeries,
// which can be used to write code that works with both addresses and address sections.
// WrapAddress can be called with a nil receiver, wrapping a nil address.
func (addr *IPv4Address) WrapAddress() WrappedAddress {
	return wrapAddress(addr.ToAddressBase())
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) toMaxLower() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().addressInternal.toMaxLower().ToIPv4()
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) toMinUpper() *IPv4Address {
	return addr.init().addressInternal.toMinUpper().ToIPv4()
}

// ToKey creates the associated address key.
// While addresses can be compared with the Compare, TrieCompare or Equal methods as well as various provided instances of AddressComparator,
// they are not comparable with Go operators.
// However, AddressKey instances are comparable with Go operators, and thus can be used as map keys.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToKey() IPv4AddressKey {
	addr = addr.init()
	key := IPv4AddressKey{}
	section := addr.GetSection()
	divs := section.getDivArray()
	var newVal uint64
	if addr.IsMultiple() {
		for _, div := range divs {
			seg := div.ToIPv4()
			newVal = (newVal << IPv4BitsPerSegment) | uint64(seg.GetIPv4SegmentValue()) | (uint64(seg.GetIPv4UpperSegmentValue()) << IPv4BitCount)
		}
	} else {
		for _, div := range divs {
			seg := div.ToIPv4()
			newVal = (newVal << IPv4BitsPerSegment) | uint64(seg.GetIPv4SegmentValue())
		}
		newVal |= newVal << IPv4BitCount
	}
	key.vals = newVal
	return key
}

func fromIPv4Key(key IPv4AddressKey) *IPv4Address {
	keyVal := key.vals
	return NewIPv4AddressFromRange(
		func(segmentIndex int) IPv4SegInt {
			segIndex := (IPv4SegmentCount - 1) - segmentIndex
			return IPv4SegInt(keyVal >> (segIndex << ipv4BitsToSegmentBitshift))
		},
		func(segmentIndex int) IPv4SegInt {
			segIndex := ((IPv4SegmentCount << 1) - 1) - segmentIndex
			return IPv4SegInt(keyVal >> (segIndex << ipv4BitsToSegmentBitshift))
		},
	)
}

// ToGenericKey produces a generic Key[*IPv4Address] that can be used with generic code working with [Address], [IPAddress], [IPv4Address], [IPv6Address] and [MACAddress].
// ToKey produces a more compact key for code that is IPv4-specific.
func (addr *IPv4Address) ToGenericKey() Key[*IPv4Address] {
	// Note: We intentionally do not populate the "scheme" field, which is used with Key[*Address] and Key[*IPAddress] and 64-bit Key[*MACAddress].
	// With Key[*IPv4Address], by leaving the scheme zero, the zero Key[*IPv4Address] matches up with the key produced here by the zero address.
	// We do not need the scheme field for Key[*IPv4Address] since the generic type indicates IPv4.
	key := Key[*IPv4Address]{}
	addr.init().toIPv4Key(&key.keyContents)
	return key
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) fromKey(_ addressScheme, key *keyContents) *IPv4Address {
	return fromIPv4IPKey(key)
}

func (addr *IPv4Address) toIPv4Key(contents *keyContents) {
	section := addr.GetSection()
	divs := section.getDivArray()
	val := &contents.vals[0]
	if addr.IsMultiple() {
		for _, div := range divs {
			seg := div.ToIPv4()
			val.lower = (val.lower << IPv4BitsPerSegment) | uint64(seg.GetIPv4SegmentValue())
			val.upper = (val.upper << IPv4BitsPerSegment) | uint64(seg.GetIPv4UpperSegmentValue())
		}
	} else {
		for _, div := range divs {
			seg := div.ToIPv4()
			val.lower = (val.lower << IPv4BitsPerSegment) | uint64(seg.GetIPv4SegmentValue())
			val.upper = val.lower
		}
	}
}

func fromIPv4IPKey(key *keyContents) *IPv4Address {
	return NewIPv4AddressFromRange(
		func(segmentIndex int) IPv4SegInt {
			segIndex := (IPv4SegmentCount - 1) - segmentIndex
			return IPv4SegInt(key.vals[0].lower >> (segIndex << ipv4BitsToSegmentBitshift))
		}, func(segmentIndex int) IPv4SegInt {
			segIndex := (IPv4SegmentCount - 1) - segmentIndex
			return IPv4SegInt(key.vals[0].upper >> (segIndex << ipv4BitsToSegmentBitshift))
		},
	)
}
