login.defs(5)

НАЗВАНИЕ
login.defs - содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей

ОПИСАНИЕ

The /etc/login.defs file defines the site-specific configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation.

Файл представляет собой обычный текстовый файл; каждая строка описывает один параметр настройки. Строки состоят из названия параметра и его значения, которые разделяются пробельным символом. Пустые строки и комментарии игнорируются. Комментарии начинаются со знака фунта «#», который должен быть первым непробельным символом в строке.

Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should be either the value yes or no. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a no value. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with 0) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with 0x). The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent.

Возможны следующие параметры настройки:

CHFN_AUTH (boolean)
    If yes, the chfn program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser.

CHFN_RESTRICT (string)
    This parameter specifies which values in the gecos field of the /etc/passwd file may be changed by regular users using the chfn program. It can be any combination of letters f, r, w, h, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For backward compatibility, yes is equivalent to rwh and no is equivalent to frwh. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing chfn SUID.

CHSH_AUTH (boolean)
    If yes, the chsh program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser.

CONSOLE (string)
    If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per line) or a ":" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed only upon these devices.

    If not defined, root will be allowed on any device.

    The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix.

CONSOLE_GROUPS (string)
    List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console.

CREATE_HOME (boolean)
    Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users.

    This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the command line.

DEFAULT_HOME (boolean)
    Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default is no.

    If set to yes, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory.

ENCRYPT_METHOD (string)
    This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm is specified on the command line).

    It can take one of these values: DES (default), MD5, SHA256, SHA512. MD5 and DES should not be used for new hashes, see crypt(5) for recommendations.

    Note: this parameter overrides the MD5_CRYPT_ENAB variable.

ENV_HZ (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login. The value must be preceded by HZ=. A common value on Linux is HZ=100.

ENV_PATH (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example /bin:/usr/bin) and can be preceded by PATH=. The default value is PATH=/bin:/usr/bin.

ENV_SUPATH (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin) and can be preceded by PATH=. The default value is PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin.

ENV_TZ (string)
    If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by TZ= (for example TZ=CST6CDT), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example /etc/tzname).

    If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use TZ=CST6CDT.

ENVIRON_FILE (string)
    If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. Every line should be in the form name=value.

    Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored.

ERASECHAR (number)
    Terminal ERASE character (010 = backspace, 0177 = DEL).

    The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value.

FAIL_DELAY (number)
    Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure.

FAILLOG_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable logging and display of /var/log/faillog login failure info.

FAKE_SHELL (string)
    If set, login will execute this shell instead of the users' shell specified in /etc/passwd.

FTMP_FILE (string)
    If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format.

GID_MAX (number), GID_MIN (number)
    Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by useradd, groupadd, or newusers.

    The default value for GID_MIN (resp. GID_MAX) is 1000 (resp. 60000).

HMAC_CRYPTO_ALGO (string)
    Used to select the HMAC cryptography algorithm that the pam_timestamp module is going to use to calculate the keyed-hash message authentication code.

    Note: check hmac(3) to see the possible algorithms that are available in your system.

HOME_MODE (number)
    The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the UMASK is used to create the mode.

    useradd and newusers use this to set the mode of the home directory they create.

HUSHLOGIN_FILE (string)
    If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home directory.

ISSUE_FILE (string)
    If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt.

KILLCHAR (number)
    Terminal KILL character (025 = CTRL/U).

    The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value.

LASTLOG_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info.

LASTLOG_UID_MAX (number)
    Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them.

    No LASTLOG_UID_MAX option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries.

LOG_OK_LOGINS (boolean)
    Enable logging of successful logins.

LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded.

    Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her password instead of her login name.

LOGIN_RETRIES (number)
    Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password.

LOGIN_STRING (string)
    The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated.

    If the string contains %s, this will be replaced by the user's name.

LOGIN_TIMEOUT (number)
    Max time in seconds for login.

MAIL_CHECK_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login.

    You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail ("mailx -e" or equivalent).

MAIL_DIR (string)
    The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a compile-time default is used. The parameter CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL in /etc/default/useradd determines whether the mail spool should be created.

MAIL_FILE (string)
    Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory.

The MAIL_DIR and MAIL_FILE variables are used by useradd, usermod, and userdel to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool.

If MAIL_CHECK_ENAB is set to yes, they are also used to define the MAIL environment variable.

MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP (number)
    Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in /etc/group (with the same name, same password, and same GID).

    The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group.

    This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters.

    If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25.

    Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it.

MD5_CRYPT_ENAB (boolean)
    Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If set to yes, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. Set to no if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is no.

    This variable is superseded by the ENCRYPT_METHOD variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm.

    This variable is deprecated. You should use ENCRYPT_METHOD.

MOTD_FILE (string)
    If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be displayed upon login.

NOLOGINS_FILE (string)
    If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited.

NONEXISTENT (string)
    If a system account intentionally does not have a home directory that exists, this string can be provided in the /etc/passwd entry for the account to indicate this. The result is that pwck will not emit a spurious warning for this account.

OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable additional checks upon password changes.

PASS_ALWAYS_WARN (boolean)
    Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root.

PASS_CHANGE_TRIES (number)
    Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy).

PASS_MAX_DAYS (number)
    The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction).

PASS_MIN_DAYS (number)
    The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, 0 will be assumed (which disables the restriction).

PASS_WARN_AGE (number)
    The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a value of -1 means no warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided.

PASS_MAX_DAYS, PASS_MIN_DAYS and PASS_WARN_AGE are only used at the time of account creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts.

PASS_MAX_LEN (number), PASS_MIN_LEN (number)
    Number of significant characters in the password for crypt().

    PASS_MAX_LEN is 8 by default. Don't change unless your crypt() is better.

    PASS_MAX_LEN is only used for DES. It is ignored if an encryption algorithm other than DES is used, either because MD5_CRYPT_ENAB set to yes or ENCRYPT_METHOD set to an algorithm other than DES.

    In addition, PASS_MAX_LEN is only used if OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB set to yes.

    Note: This only affects the generation of user passwords. Group password lengths are not checked.

PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable checking of time restrictions specified in /etc/porttime.

QUOTAS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable setting of resource limits from /etc/limits and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field.

SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS (number), SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS (number)
    When ENCRYPT_METHOD is set to SHA256 or SHA512, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line).

    With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute force the password. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users.

    If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000), which is orders of magnitude too low for modern hardware.

    The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range.

    If only one of the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS or SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS values is set, then this value will be used.

    If SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS > SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS, the highest value will be used.

SULOG_FILE (string)
    If defined, all su activity is logged to this file.

SU_NAME (string)
    If defined, the command name to display when running "su -". For example, if this is defined as "su" then a "ps" will display the command is "-su". If not defined, then "ps" would display the name of the shell actually being run, e.g. something like "-sh".

SU_WHEEL_ONLY (boolean)
    If yes, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in /etc/group (called root on most Linux systems) to be able to su to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is empty, no one will be able to su to uid 0.

SUB_GID_MIN (number), SUB_GID_MAX (number), SUB_GID_COUNT (number)
    If /etc/subuid exists, the commands useradd and newusers (unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate SUB_GID_COUNT unused group IDs from the range SUB_GID_MIN to SUB_GID_MAX for each new user.

    The default values for SUB_GID_MIN, SUB_GID_MAX, SUB_GID_COUNT are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536.

SUB_UID_MIN (number), SUB_UID_MAX (number), SUB_UID_COUNT (number)
    If /etc/subuid exists, the commands useradd and newusers (unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate SUB_UID_COUNT unused user IDs from the range SUB_UID_MIN to SUB_UID_MAX for each new user.

    The default values for SUB_UID_MIN, SUB_UID_MAX, SUB_UID_COUNT are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536.

SYS_GID_MAX (number), SYS_GID_MIN (number)
    Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by useradd, groupadd, or newusers.

    The default value for SYS_GID_MIN (resp. SYS_GID_MAX) is 101 (resp. GID_MIN-1).

SYS_UID_MAX (number), SYS_UID_MIN (number)
    Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by useradd or newusers.

    The default value for SYS_UID_MIN (resp. SYS_UID_MAX) is 101 (resp. UID_MIN-1).

SYSLOG_SG_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable "syslog" logging of sg activity.

SYSLOG_SU_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable "syslog" logging of su activity - in addition to sulog file logging.

TTYGROUP (string), TTYPERM (number)
    The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the TTYGROUP group, and the permissions will be set to TTYPERM.

    TTYGROUP can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier.

    If TTYGROUP is not defined, then the group ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group. If TTYPERM is not defined, then the permissions are set to 0600.

    If you have a write program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600.

TTYTYPE_FILE (string)
    If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100 tty01".

UID_MAX (number), UID_MIN (number)
    Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by useradd or newusers.

    The default value for UID_MIN (resp. UID_MAX) is 1000 (resp. 60000).

ULIMIT (number)
    Default ulimit value.

UMASK (number)
    The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022.

    useradd and newusers use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if HOME_MODE is not set.

    It is also used by login to define users' initial umask. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if QUOTAS_ENAB is set) or by the specification of a limit with the K identifier in limits(5).

USERDEL_CMD (string)
    If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first argument).

    The return code of the script is not taken into account.

    Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs:

        #! /bin/sh
        # Check for the required argument.
        if [ $# != 1 ]; then
        	echo "Usage: $0 username"
        	exit 1
        fi
        # Remove cron jobs.
        crontab -r -u $1
        # Remove at jobs.
        # Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
        # even if it was shared by a different username.
        AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
        find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name "[^.]*" -type f -user $1 -delete \;
        # Remove print jobs.
        lprm $1
        # All done.
        exit 0

USERGROUPS_ENAB (boolean)
    Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 -> 002, 077 -> 007) for non-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name.

    If set to yes, userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and useradd will create by default a group with the name of the user.

ПЕРЕКРЁСТНЫЕ ССЫЛКИ

Следующие перекрёстные ссылки отражают связь между программами и их параметрам из набора для работы с теневыми паролями.

chfn
    CHFN_AUTH CHFN_RESTRICT LOGIN_STRING

chgpasswd
    ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS

chpasswd
    ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS

chsh
    CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING

gpasswd
    ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS

groupadd
    GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN

groupdel
    MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP

groupmems
    MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP

groupmod
    MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP

grpck
    MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP

grpconv
    MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP

grpunconv
    MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP

lastlog
    LASTLOG_UID_MAX

login
    CONSOLE CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY FAILLOG_ENAB FAKE_SHELL FTMP_FILE HUSHLOGIN_FILE ISSUE_FILE KILLCHAR LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX LOGIN_RETRIES LOGIN_STRING LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE ULIMIT UMASK USERGROUPS_ENAB

newgrp / sg
    SYSLOG_SG_ENAB

newusers
    ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK

passwd
    ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS

pwck
    PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE

pwconv
    PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE

su
    CONSOLE CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB SULOG_FILE SU_NAME SU_WHEEL_ONLY SYSLOG_SU_ENAB USERGROUPS_ENAB

sulogin
    ENV_HZ ENV_TZ

useradd
    CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK

userdel
    MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB

usermod
    LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP

СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ

login(1), passwd(1), su(1), passwd(5), shadow(5), pam(8).