# Version Tracking Introduction

> Version Tracking refers to the process used by reverse engineers to identify matching code or data between different software binaries. One common use case is to version track two different versions of the same binary. Alternatively, version tracking techniques can be used to check for the presence of a particular piece of code within a given binary of interest.

> Perhaps the most common version tracking scenario is when you have a binary file that you have previously analyzed, identifying important areas of interest and annotating the code with comments and labels. Suppose the software developer releases a newer version of the software including bug fixes and feature modifications. Since customers may be using the more up-to-date version, the analyst will probably want to continue evaluation with the newer version as well. However, it can be very time-consuming to have to initiate the analysis from scratch. In order to leverage the existing work, version tracking enables the reverse engineer to port comments and labels into the new context.

> Perhaps the second most common version tracking scenario is where you wish to check for the presence of existing code within a given binary. As an example, given a small collection of functions, say from some library of routines or code representing known malware, you can use version tracking to search for that code in a given binary.

> The remainder of this document describes high-level version tracking concepts use by Ghidra, followed by links to documents that describe how to get started version tracking in Ghidra.

> Version Tracking Concepts:

> - Session
> - Associations
> - Matches
> - Markup Items
> - Correlators
> - How to Start

## Version Tracking Session

> A session is created as a result of running one of Ghidra's matching algorithms (a.k.a., a correlator) against two binaries. The newly created session is stored in the Ghidra Project Window. The session records the history of any work done within that session (e.g., applying markup). Furthermore, since changes are saved, you may close and reopen a session to continue work at a later time. Sessions can be updated with new data by running additional matching algorithms at any time.

## Version Tracking Associations

> An association is any pairing of information between the two versions of the same program, which suggests that the items correspond with one another in some way. An association is characterized by a collection of metadata including the correlating algorithm that determined the association, a memory address reference locating the items in each version, and the type of the items being associated (data or function).

> Sometimes a variable or function in the source program will be associated with several variables or functions in the destination program. This happens because the version tracking algorithm has found enough evidence to support each candidate as a possible correspondence between the two versions. When this happens, we say that they are conflicting associations. It may be that only one of the associations is exactly right or that the modularity of the program has changed sufficiently and none of the associations is quite right. Ultimately, the analyst has to inspect the actual code to make a determination about which associations represents a valid match.

> Once an association is accepted by the user, any other associations which may be conflicting because they include either the same source or the same destination address will become blocked because the tool only allows one-to-one mappings. Blocked and conflicting associations which lead to other inconsistencies can be a useful way of identifying valid matches between two different versions.

## Version Tracking Matches

> A match is an association that has been assigned a score. As a correlator finds an association it will assign that association a score, thus creating a match. The matches table contains all matches discovered by any correlators run within a given session. Users can use the score to help determine the accuracy of a given match, as not all matches created by the correlators are correct.

> When the you determine that a match is valid, then you can accept the match, which will block conflicting, related matches. When you apply markup for a given match, then that match is automatically accepted. Finally, you cannot apply markup for a match that has been blocked by another already accepted match.

> Ghidra also has the concept of an Implied Match. If you accept a function match, then Ghidra will generate implied matches for any functions called by the two functions that make up the function match.

## Version Tracking Markup Items

> During analysis of a program, the analyst will develop a greater understanding of the code and will annotate the disassembly with comments, labels, data type information, and parameter and variable names to document the code and to make it more readable. Ghidra refers to all of these annotated details as markup items.

> For any given match we can apply its markup items and port these annotations in an appropriate manner so that the labels and comments appear in the corresponding locations in the new binary. This is the ultimate purpose of version tracking, to retain any progress that has already been made in understanding the code and be able to proceed despite any changes to the original binary.

## Version Tracking Correlators

> There are many strategies for identifying how different versions of the a program are related to each other. Any scheme or algorithm that determines these relationships is referred to as a correlator. Correlators may be based on the underlying bytes in a program, the program flow, or any other aspect of the code upon which similarities may be observed. Additional documentation is available for the specific correlators used in Ghidra.

## How to Start

> This list presents a few different useful links for getting started with version tracking.

> - Workflow
> - Version Tracking Tool
> - Version Tracking Wizard

Provided by: Version Tracking Plugin

Related Topics:

- Workflow
- Version Tracking Tool
- Version Tracking Wizard
- Version Tracking Matches Table
- Version Markup Items Table