/**
* Copyright (c) NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES, 2019-2026. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
*
* See file LICENSE for terms.
*/

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#  include "config.h"
#endif

#include <ucs/memory/numa.h>
#include <ucs/sys/math.h>
#include <ucs/sys/topo/base/topo.h>
#include <ucs/sys/string.h>
#include <ucs/sys/sys.h>

#include <ucs/config/global_opts.h>
#include <ucs/datastruct/khash.h>
#include <ucs/type/spinlock.h>
#include <ucs/debug/assert.h>
#include <ucs/debug/log.h>
#include <ucs/time/time.h>
#include <inttypes.h>


#define UCS_TOPO_MAX_SYS_DEVICES     256
#define UCS_TOPO_SYSFS_PCI_PREFIX    "/sys/bus/pci/devices/"
#define UCS_TOPO_SYSFS_DEVICES_ROOT  "/sys/devices"
#define UCS_TOPO_DEVICE_NAME_UNKNOWN "<unknown>"
#define UCS_TOPO_DEVICE_NAME_INVALID "<invalid>"

/*
 * Structure needed to define a topology module implementation
 */
typedef struct ucs_sys_topo_provider {
    /* Name of the topology module */
    const char         *name;

    /* provider's ops */
    ucs_sys_topo_ops_t ops;

    ucs_list_link_t    list;
} ucs_sys_topo_provider_t;

/* Possible role of a current device wrt its sibling */
typedef enum {
    /* No sibling capability */
    UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_NONE,

    /* Memory device, a sibling device could access its memory */
    UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_MEM,

    /* Device that could access memory from its sibling */
    UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_DEV
} ucs_topo_sibling_role_t;

typedef struct {
    ucs_sys_bus_id_t        bus_id;
    char                    *name;
    unsigned                name_priority;
    ucs_numa_node_t         numa_node;
    uintptr_t               user_value;

    /* Secondary device for the current device */
    ucs_sys_device_t        sys_dev_aux;

    ucs_topo_sibling_role_t sibling_role; /* Role of the current device */
    ucs_sys_device_t        sibling_sys_dev;
} ucs_topo_sys_device_info_t;

KHASH_MAP_INIT_INT64(bus_to_sys_dev, ucs_sys_device_t);

typedef struct ucs_topo_global_ctx {
    ucs_spinlock_t             lock;
    khash_t(bus_to_sys_dev)    bus_to_sys_dev_hash;
    ucs_topo_sys_device_info_t devices[UCS_TOPO_MAX_SYS_DEVICES];
    unsigned                   num_devices;
} ucs_topo_global_ctx_t;


struct ucs_global_state {
    unsigned                   num_devices;
    ucs_topo_sys_device_info_t devices[];
};


const ucs_sys_dev_distance_t ucs_topo_default_distance = {
    .latency   = 0,
    .bandwidth = INFINITY
};

const ucs_sys_dev_distance_t ucs_topo_max_distance = {
    .latency   = INFINITY,
    .bandwidth = 0
};

static ucs_topo_global_ctx_t ucs_topo_global_ctx;

/* Global list of topology detectors */
static UCS_LIST_HEAD(ucs_sys_topo_providers_list);

/* Selected topo provider */
static ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *ucs_sys_topo_provider = NULL;

/* Stack of override providers. When non-empty, the head overrides the
 * provider selected by TOPO_PRIO. Pushed/popped by
 * `ucs_sys_topo_provider_push` / `ucs_sys_topo_provider_pop`. */
static UCS_LIST_HEAD(ucs_sys_topo_provider_stack);

/* According to NUMA distance definition distances are normalized to 10
 * and the relative distance correlates with the latency.
 * The following translation formula assumes that
 * access to main memory takes 100ns */
static inline double ucs_topo_sysfs_numa_distance_to_latency(double distance)
{
    return distance * 10e-9;
}

void ucs_sys_topo_reset_provider()
{
    ucs_sys_topo_provider = NULL;
}

ucs_status_t ucs_sys_topo_provider_push(const ucs_sys_topo_ops_t *ops)
{
    ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *provider;

    provider = ucs_malloc(sizeof(*provider), "topo_provider_override");
    if (provider == NULL) {
        ucs_error("failed to allocate topo provider override");
        return UCS_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
    }

    provider->name = "<override>";
    provider->ops  = *ops;
    ucs_list_add_head(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_stack, &provider->list);

    return UCS_OK;
}

void ucs_sys_topo_provider_pop(void)
{
    ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *provider;

    ucs_assert(!ucs_list_is_empty(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_stack));

    provider = ucs_list_head(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_stack,
                             ucs_sys_topo_provider_t, list);
    ucs_list_del(&provider->list);
    ucs_free(provider);
}

static ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *ucs_sys_topo_get_provider()
{
    ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *list_provider;
    unsigned i;

    if (!ucs_list_is_empty(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_stack)) {
        return ucs_list_head(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_stack,
                             ucs_sys_topo_provider_t, list);
    }

    if (ucs_sys_topo_provider != NULL) {
        return ucs_sys_topo_provider;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < ucs_global_opts.topo_prio.count; ++i) {
        ucs_list_for_each(list_provider, &ucs_sys_topo_providers_list, list) {
            if (!strcmp(ucs_global_opts.topo_prio.names[i],
                        list_provider->name)) {
                ucs_sys_topo_provider = list_provider;
                return ucs_sys_topo_provider;
            }
        }
    }

    return ucs_sys_topo_provider;
}

static ucs_status_t
ucs_topo_get_distance_default(ucs_sys_device_t device1,
                              ucs_sys_device_t device2,
                              ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    *distance = ucs_topo_default_distance;

    return UCS_OK;
}

static void
ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_default(ucs_sys_device_t device,
                                     ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    *distance = ucs_topo_default_distance;
}

static void
ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_for_cpuset_default(
        ucs_sys_device_t device, const ucs_cpu_set_t *cpuset,
        ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    *distance = ucs_topo_default_distance;
}

static ucs_sys_topo_provider_t ucs_sys_topo_provider_default = {
    .name = "default",
    .ops = {
        .get_distance                   = ucs_topo_get_distance_default,
        .get_memory_distance            = ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_default,
        .get_memory_distance_for_cpuset =
                ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_for_cpuset_default,
    }
};

ucs_status_t ucs_topo_get_distance(ucs_sys_device_t device1,
                                   ucs_sys_device_t device2,
                                   ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    const ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *provider = ucs_sys_topo_get_provider();

    return provider->ops.get_distance(device1, device2, distance);
}

void ucs_topo_get_memory_distance(ucs_sys_device_t device,
                                  ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    const ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *provider = ucs_sys_topo_get_provider();

    provider->ops.get_memory_distance(device, distance);
}

void ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_for_cpuset(ucs_sys_device_t device,
                                             const ucs_cpu_set_t *cpuset,
                                             ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    const ucs_sys_topo_provider_t *provider = ucs_sys_topo_get_provider();

    provider->ops.get_memory_distance_for_cpuset(device, cpuset, distance);
}

ucs_bus_id_bit_rep_t
ucs_topo_get_bus_id_bit_repr(const ucs_sys_bus_id_t *bus_id)
{
    return (((uint64_t)bus_id->domain << 24) |
            ((uint64_t)bus_id->bus << 16)    |
            ((uint64_t)bus_id->slot << 8)    |
            (bus_id->function));
}

unsigned ucs_topo_num_devices()
{
    unsigned num_devices;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    num_devices = ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices;
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return num_devices;
}

static void ucs_topo_bus_id_str(const ucs_sys_bus_id_t *bus_id, int abbreviate,
                                char *str, size_t max)
{
    if (abbreviate && (bus_id->domain == 0)) {
        ucs_snprintf_safe(str, max, "%02x:%02x.%d", bus_id->bus, bus_id->slot,
                          bus_id->function);
    } else {
        ucs_snprintf_safe(str, max, "%04x:%02x:%02x.%d", bus_id->domain,
                          bus_id->bus, bus_id->slot, bus_id->function);
    }
}

static ucs_status_t
ucs_topo_bus_id_to_sysfs_path(const ucs_sys_bus_id_t *bus_id, char *path,
                              size_t max)
{
    const size_t prefix_length = strlen(UCS_TOPO_SYSFS_PCI_PREFIX);
    ucs_status_t status;
    char *link_path;

    if (max < PATH_MAX) {
        status = UCS_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
        goto out;
    }

    status = ucs_string_alloc_path_buffer(&link_path, "link_path");
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out;
    }

    ucs_strncpy_safe(link_path, UCS_TOPO_SYSFS_PCI_PREFIX, PATH_MAX);
    ucs_topo_bus_id_str(bus_id, 0, link_path + prefix_length,
                        PATH_MAX - prefix_length);
    if (realpath(link_path, path) == NULL) {
        status = UCS_ERR_IO_ERROR;
    }

    ucs_free(link_path);
out:
    return status;
}

static int
ucs_topo_read_device_numa_node(const ucs_sys_bus_id_t *bus_id)
{
    int numa_node = UCS_NUMA_NODE_UNDEFINED;
    char *path;
    ucs_status_t status;

    status = ucs_string_alloc_path_buffer(&path, "sysfs_path");
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out;
    }

    status = ucs_topo_bus_id_to_sysfs_path(bus_id, path, PATH_MAX);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out_free_path;
    }

    numa_node = ucs_numa_node_of_device(path);

out_free_path:
    ucs_free(path);
out:
    return numa_node;
}

ucs_status_t ucs_topo_find_device_by_bus_id(const ucs_sys_bus_id_t *bus_id,
                                            ucs_sys_device_t *sys_dev)
{
    ucs_bus_id_bit_rep_t bus_id_bit_rep;
    int kh_put_status;
    khiter_t hash_it;
    ucs_status_t status;
    char *name;

    bus_id_bit_rep  = ucs_topo_get_bus_id_bit_repr(bus_id);

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    hash_it = kh_put(
            bus_to_sys_dev /*name*/,
            &ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash /*pointer to hashmap*/,
            bus_id_bit_rep /*key*/, &kh_put_status);

    if (kh_put_status == UCS_KH_PUT_KEY_PRESENT) {
        *sys_dev = kh_value(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash, hash_it);
        status   = UCS_OK;
    } else if ((kh_put_status == UCS_KH_PUT_BUCKET_EMPTY) ||
               (kh_put_status == UCS_KH_PUT_BUCKET_CLEAR)) {
        ucs_assert_always(ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices <
                          UCS_TOPO_MAX_SYS_DEVICES);
        *sys_dev = ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices;
        ++ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices;

        kh_value(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash, hash_it) = *sys_dev;

        /* Set default name to abbreviated BDF */
        name = ucs_malloc(UCS_SYS_BDF_NAME_MAX, "sys_dev_bdf_name");
        if (name == NULL) {
            ucs_error("failed to allocate memory for sys_dev_bdf_name");
            status = UCS_ERR_NO_MEMORY;
            kh_del(bus_to_sys_dev, &ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash,
                   hash_it);
            goto out;
        }

        ucs_topo_bus_id_str(bus_id, 1, name, UCS_SYS_BDF_NAME_MAX);

        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].bus_id        = *bus_id;
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].name          = name;
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].name_priority = 0;
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].numa_node     =
                ucs_topo_read_device_numa_node(bus_id);
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].user_value    = UINTPTR_MAX;
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].sibling_role =
                UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_NONE;
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].sibling_sys_dev =
                UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN;
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[*sys_dev].sys_dev_aux =
                UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN;

        ucs_debug("added sys_dev %d for bus id %s", *sys_dev, name);
        status = UCS_OK;
    } else {
        ucs_error("failed to put key into hash table");
        status = UCS_ERR_IO_ERROR;
    }

out:
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    return status;
}

ucs_status_t ucs_topo_get_device_bus_id(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev,
                                        ucs_sys_bus_id_t *bus_id)
{
    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        return UCS_ERR_NO_ELEM;
    }

    *bus_id = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].bus_id;
    return UCS_OK;
}

static ucs_status_t
ucs_topo_sys_dev_to_sysfs_path(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev, char *path, size_t max)
{
    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        ucs_error("system device %d is invalid (max: %d)", sys_dev,
                  ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices);
        return UCS_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
    }

    return ucs_topo_bus_id_to_sysfs_path(
            &ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].bus_id, path, max);
}

static int ucs_topo_is_sys_root(const char *path)
{
    return !strcmp(path, UCS_TOPO_SYSFS_DEVICES_ROOT);
}

static int ucs_topo_is_pci_root(const char *path)
{
    int count = -1;
    sscanf(path, UCS_TOPO_SYSFS_DEVICES_ROOT "/pci%*x:%*x%n", &count);
    return count == strlen(path);
}

static void ucs_topo_set_distance(const ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance_cfg,
                                  double bw_auto,
                                  ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    distance->latency   = distance_cfg->latency;
    distance->bandwidth = UCS_CONFIG_DBL_IS_AUTO(distance_cfg->bandwidth) ?
                                  bw_auto : distance_cfg->bandwidth;
}

static double ucs_topo_pci_root_bw(const char *path1, const char *path2)
{
    size_t path_distance = ucs_path_calc_distance(path1, path2);

    ucs_trace_data("distance between '%s' and '%s' is %zu", path1, path2,
                   path_distance);
    ucs_assertv(path_distance > 0, "path1=%s path2=%s", path1, path2);

    return ucs_min(3500.0 * UCS_MBYTE, (19200.0 * UCS_MBYTE) / path_distance);
}

static int
ucs_topo_is_same_numa_node(ucs_sys_device_t device1,
                             ucs_sys_device_t device2)
{
    ucs_numa_node_t numa1 = ucs_topo_sys_device_get_numa_node(device1);
    ucs_numa_node_t numa2 = ucs_topo_sys_device_get_numa_node(device2);

    return (numa1 == numa2) && (numa1 != UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN);
}

/**
 * Get the common sysfs path between two system devices.
 *
 * The function allocates memory for the individual device paths and the common
 * parent path. The caller is responsible for freeing the allocated memory for
 * each of the returned path pointers.
 *
 * @param [in]  sys_dev1    First system device
 * @param [in]  sys_dev2    Second system device
 * @param [out] path1       Pointer to the allocated sysfs path for sys_dev1
 * @param [out] path2       Pointer to the allocated sysfs path for sys_dev2
 * @param [out] common_path Pointer to the allocated common parent path
 *
 * @return UCS_OK on success, or error status on failure
 */
static ucs_status_t
ucs_topo_get_common_path(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev1, ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev2,
                         char **path1, char **path2, char **common_path)
{
    ucs_status_t status;

    status = ucs_string_alloc_path_buffer(path1, "path1");
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        return status;
    }

    status = ucs_topo_sys_dev_to_sysfs_path(sys_dev1, *path1, PATH_MAX);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        ucs_debug("failed to get sysfs path for %s",
                  ucs_topo_sys_device_get_name(sys_dev1));
        goto err_free_path1;
    }

    status = ucs_string_alloc_path_buffer(path2, "path2");
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto err_free_path1;
    }

    status = ucs_topo_sys_dev_to_sysfs_path(sys_dev2, *path2, PATH_MAX);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        ucs_debug("failed to get sysfs path for %s",
                  ucs_topo_sys_device_get_name(sys_dev2));
        goto err_free_path2;
    }

    status = ucs_string_alloc_path_buffer(common_path, "common_path");
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto err_free_path2;
    }

    ucs_path_get_common_parent(*path1, *path2, *common_path);
    return UCS_OK;

err_free_path2:
    ucs_free(*path2);
err_free_path1:
    ucs_free(*path1);
    return status;
}

static void ucs_topo_update_distance_sysfs(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev1,
                                           ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev2,
                                           ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    ucs_sys_dev_distance_t new_distance = ucs_topo_default_distance;
    ucs_status_t status;
    char *path1, *path2, *common_path;

    if (sys_dev1 == sys_dev2) {
        goto out;
    }

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    status = ucs_topo_get_common_path(sys_dev1, sys_dev2, &path1, &path2,
                                      &common_path);
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out;
    }

    if (ucs_topo_is_pci_root(common_path)) {
        ucs_topo_set_distance(&ucs_global_opts.dist.phb,
                              ucs_topo_pci_root_bw(path1, path2),
                              &new_distance);
    } else if (ucs_topo_is_sys_root(common_path)) {
        if (ucs_topo_is_same_numa_node(sys_dev1, sys_dev2)) {
            ucs_topo_set_distance(&ucs_global_opts.dist.node, 17000 * UCS_MBYTE,
                                  &new_distance);
        } else {
            ucs_topo_set_distance(&ucs_global_opts.dist.sys, 220 * UCS_MBYTE,
                                  &new_distance);
        }
    }

    ucs_free(common_path);
    ucs_free(path2);
    ucs_free(path1);
out:
    if (new_distance.bandwidth > distance->bandwidth) {
        *distance = new_distance;
    }
}

static ucs_status_t
ucs_topo_get_distance_sysfs(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev1,
                            ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev2,
                            ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev_aux1, sys_dev_aux2;
    ucs_topo_sibling_role_t role1, role2;

    /* If one of the devices is unknown, we assume near topology */
    if ((sys_dev1 == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) ||
        (sys_dev2 == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN)) {
        return ucs_topo_get_distance_default(sys_dev1, sys_dev2, distance);
    }

    distance->bandwidth = 0;
    distance->latency   = UCS_INFINITY;
    ucs_topo_update_distance_sysfs(sys_dev1, sys_dev2, distance);

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    sys_dev_aux1 = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev1].sys_dev_aux;
    role1        = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev1].sibling_role;
    sys_dev_aux2 = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev2].sys_dev_aux;
    role2        = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev2].sibling_role;
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    if ((role1 == UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_DEV) &&
        (role2 == UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_MEM)) {
        ucs_topo_update_distance_sysfs(sys_dev_aux1, sys_dev2, distance);
    } else if ((role2 == UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_DEV) &&
               (role1 == UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_MEM)) {
        ucs_topo_update_distance_sysfs(sys_dev1, sys_dev_aux2, distance);
    }

    return UCS_OK;
}

/* Non-transitive memory and reachablity checks */
int
ucs_topo_is_reachable(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev, ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev_mem)
{
    int result;

    if ((sys_dev == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) ||
        (sys_dev_mem == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN)) {
        return 1; /* Reachable by default if any is missing */
    }

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    result =
            /*
             * Memory device was never matched with a sibling, it does not
             * mandate and auxiliary path.
             */
            (ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev_mem].sibling_sys_dev ==
             UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) ||
            /* The device itself never uses auxiliary path */
            (ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_role !=
             UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_DEV) ||
            /* The device is the identified sibling */
            (ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_sys_dev ==
             sys_dev_mem);
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return result;
}

int ucs_topo_is_sibling(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev, ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev_mem)
{
    int is_sibling;
    ucs_topo_sibling_role_t UCS_V_UNUSED role_dev;
    ucs_topo_sibling_role_t UCS_V_UNUSED role_dev_mem;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    is_sibling = (sys_dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) &&
                 (sys_dev_mem != UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) &&
                 (ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_sys_dev ==
                  sys_dev_mem);

    if (is_sibling) {
        role_dev     = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_role;
        role_dev_mem = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev_mem].sibling_role;
        ucs_assertv((role_dev != UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_NONE) &&
                    (role_dev_mem != UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_NONE) &&
                    (role_dev != role_dev_mem), "sys_dev=%u sys_dev_mem=%u"
                    " sys_dev_role=%d sys_dev_mem_role=%d",
                    sys_dev, sys_dev_mem, role_dev, role_dev_mem);
    }
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return is_sibling;
}

static void ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_for_cpuset_sysfs(
        ucs_sys_device_t device, const ucs_cpu_set_t *cpuset,
        ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    double total_distance = 0;
    unsigned cpu, num_cpus, cpuset_size = 0;
    ucs_numa_node_t cpu_node, dev_node;

    /* If the device is unknown, we assume min distance */
    if ((device == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) ||
        ucs_cpu_set_is_empty(cpuset)) {
        ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_default(device, distance);
        return;
    }

    dev_node = ucs_topo_sys_device_get_numa_node(device);
    if (dev_node == UCS_NUMA_NODE_UNDEFINED) {
        dev_node = UCS_NUMA_NODE_DEFAULT;
    }

    num_cpus = ucs_min(ucs_numa_num_configured_cpus(), UCS_CPU_SETSIZE);
    for (cpu = 0; cpu < num_cpus; ++cpu) {
        if (!ucs_cpu_is_set(cpu, cpuset)) {
            continue;
        }

        cpu_node = ucs_numa_node_of_cpu(cpu);
        if (cpu_node == UCS_NUMA_NODE_UNDEFINED) {
            continue;
        }

        total_distance += ucs_numa_distance(dev_node, cpu_node);
        ++cpuset_size;
    }

    if (cpuset_size == 0) {
        ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_default(device, distance);
        return;
    }

    distance->bandwidth = ucs_topo_default_distance.bandwidth;
    distance->latency = ucs_topo_sysfs_numa_distance_to_latency(total_distance /
                                                                cpuset_size);
}

static void ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_sysfs(ucs_sys_device_t device,
                                               ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance)
{
    ucs_sys_cpuset_t thread_cpuset;
    ucs_cpu_set_t cpuset;
    unsigned cpu, num_cpus;
    ucs_status_t status;

    status = ucs_sys_pthread_getaffinity(&thread_cpuset);
    UCS_CPU_ZERO(&cpuset);

    if (status == UCS_OK) {
        ucs_sys_cpuset_copy(&cpuset, &thread_cpuset);
    } else {
        /* If we failed to read thread affinity distance is calculated
         * for a process with full CPU affinity */
        num_cpus = ucs_min(ucs_numa_num_configured_cpus(), UCS_CPU_SETSIZE);
        for (cpu = 0; cpu < num_cpus; ++cpu) {
            UCS_CPU_SET(cpu, &cpuset);
        }
    }

    ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_for_cpuset_sysfs(device, &cpuset, distance);
}

const char *ucs_topo_distance_str(const ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance,
                                  char *buffer, size_t max)
{
    UCS_STRING_BUFFER_FIXED(strb, buffer, max);

    ucs_string_buffer_appendf(&strb, "%.0fns ",
                              distance->latency * UCS_NSEC_PER_SEC);

    if (distance->bandwidth <= UCS_PBYTE) {
        /* Print bandwidth value only if limited */
        ucs_string_buffer_appendf(&strb, "%.2fMB/s",
                                  distance->bandwidth / UCS_MBYTE);
    } else {
        ucs_string_buffer_appendf(&strb, ">1PB/s");
    }

    return ucs_string_buffer_cstr(&strb);
}

int ucs_topo_distance_cmp(const ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance1,
                          const ucs_sys_dev_distance_t *distance2)
{
    int cmp;

    cmp = ucs_fp_compare(distance1->latency, distance2->latency);
    if (cmp != 0) {
        return cmp;
    }

    return ucs_fp_compare(distance2->bandwidth, distance1->bandwidth);
}

ucs_sys_device_t ucs_topo_get_sysfs_dev(const char *dev_name,
                                        const char *sysfs_path,
                                        unsigned name_priority)
{
    ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev = UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN;
    const char *bdf_name;
    ucs_status_t status;

    if (sysfs_path == NULL) {
        goto out_unknown;
    }

    bdf_name = strrchr(sysfs_path, '/');
    if (bdf_name == NULL) {
        goto out_unknown;
    }

    ++bdf_name; /* Move past '/' separator */

    status = ucs_topo_find_device_by_bdf_name(bdf_name, &sys_dev);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out_unknown;
    }

    status = ucs_topo_sys_device_set_name(sys_dev, dev_name, name_priority);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        ucs_debug("%s: ucs_topo_sys_device_set_name failed, using default name "
                  "%s",
                  dev_name, ucs_topo_sys_device_get_name(sys_dev));
    }

    ucs_debug("%s: bdf_name %s sys_dev %d", dev_name, bdf_name, sys_dev);
    return sys_dev;

out_unknown:
    ucs_debug("%s: system device unknown", dev_name);
    return UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN;
}

const char *
ucs_topo_sys_device_bdf_name(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev, char *buffer, size_t max)
{
    if (sys_dev == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) {
        ucs_strncpy_safe(buffer, UCS_TOPO_DEVICE_NAME_UNKNOWN, max);
    } else {
        ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
        if (sys_dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
            ucs_topo_bus_id_str(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].bus_id, 0,
                                buffer, max);
        } else {
            ucs_strncpy_safe(buffer, UCS_TOPO_DEVICE_NAME_INVALID, max);
        }
        ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    }

    return buffer;
}

ucs_status_t
ucs_topo_find_device_by_bdf_name(const char *name, ucs_sys_device_t *sys_dev)
{
    ucs_sys_bus_id_t bus_id;
    int num_fields;

    /* Try to parse as "<domain>:<bus>:<device>.<function>" */
    num_fields = sscanf(name, "%hx:%hhx:%hhx.%hhx", &bus_id.domain, &bus_id.bus,
                        &bus_id.slot, &bus_id.function);
    if (num_fields == 4) {
        return ucs_topo_find_device_by_bus_id(&bus_id, sys_dev);
    }

    /* Try to parse as "<bus>:<device>.<function>", assume domain is 0 */
    bus_id.domain = 0;
    num_fields    = sscanf(name, "%hhx:%hhx.%hhx", &bus_id.bus, &bus_id.slot,
                           &bus_id.function);
    if (num_fields == 3) {
        return ucs_topo_find_device_by_bus_id(&bus_id, sys_dev);
    }

    return UCS_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
}

ucs_status_t ucs_topo_sys_device_set_name(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev,
                                          const char *name, unsigned priority)
{
    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        ucs_error("system device %d is invalid (max: %d)", sys_dev,
                  ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices);
        ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
        return UCS_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
    }

    if (priority > ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].name_priority) {
        ucs_free(ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].name);
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].name = ucs_strdup(name,
                                                               "sys_dev_name");
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].name_priority = priority;
    }
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return UCS_OK;
}

const char *ucs_topo_sys_device_get_name(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev)
{
    const char *name;

    if (sys_dev == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) {
        name = UCS_TOPO_DEVICE_NAME_UNKNOWN;
    } else {
        ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
        if (sys_dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
            name = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].name;
        } else {
            name = UCS_TOPO_DEVICE_NAME_INVALID;
        }
        ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    }

    return name;
}

ucs_numa_node_t ucs_topo_sys_device_get_numa_node(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev)
{
    int numa_node;

    if (sys_dev == UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN) {
        return UCS_NUMA_NODE_UNDEFINED;
    }

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    if (sys_dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        numa_node = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].numa_node;
    } else {
        numa_node = UCS_NUMA_NODE_UNDEFINED;
    }
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return numa_node;
}

ucs_status_t ucs_topo_sys_device_set_numa_node(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev,
                                               ucs_numa_node_t numa_node)
{
    ucs_status_t status = UCS_OK;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        ucs_error("system device %d is invalid (max: %d)", sys_dev,
                  ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices);
        status = UCS_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
        goto out;
    }

    ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].numa_node = numa_node;

out:
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    return status;
}

/**
 * Check if two system devices share a PCI bridge.
 *
 * This function determines whether two system devices are connected through a
 * PCI bridge by analyzing their common sysfs path. A PCI bridge is defined as
 * a common parent path that is neither the system root nor a PCI root.
 *
 * @param [in] sys_dev1  First system device identifier
 * @param [in] sys_dev2  Second system device identifier
 *
 * @return 1 if the devices share a PCI bridge, 0 otherwise. Returns 0 the
 *         devices are the same.
 */
static int
ucs_topo_is_pci_bridge(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev1, ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev2)
{
    ucs_status_t status;
    char *path1, *path2, *common_path;
    int result;

    ucs_assert(sys_dev1 != UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN);
    ucs_assert(sys_dev2 != UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN);

    if (sys_dev1 == sys_dev2) {
        return 0;
    }

    status = ucs_topo_get_common_path(sys_dev1, sys_dev2, &path1, &path2,
                                      &common_path);

    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        return 0;
    }

    result = !ucs_topo_is_sys_root(common_path) &&
             !ucs_topo_is_pci_root(common_path);

    ucs_free(common_path);
    ucs_free(path1);
    ucs_free(path2);
    return result;
}

static int ucs_topo_sys_device_sibling_match(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev,
                                             ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev_mem)
{
    ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev_aux;

    if ((ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev_mem].sibling_role !=
         UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_MEM) ||
        (ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_role !=
         UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_DEV)) {
        return 0;
    }

    sys_dev_aux = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sys_dev_aux;
    if (ucs_topo_is_pci_bridge(sys_dev_mem, sys_dev_aux)) {
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev_mem].sibling_sys_dev = sys_dev;
        ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_sys_dev     = sys_dev_mem;
        ucs_trace("sys_dev=%u with sys_dev_aux=%u matched with sys_dev_mem=%u",
                  sys_dev, sys_dev_aux, sys_dev_mem);
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Memory device supports auxiliary path if a sibling is found */
ucs_status_t ucs_topo_sys_device_enable_aux_path(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev)
{
    ucs_sys_device_t dev;
    ucs_status_t status;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        ucs_error("system device %d is invalid (max: %d)", sys_dev,
                  ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices);
        status = UCS_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
        goto out;
    }

    ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_role =
            UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_MEM;

    for (dev = 0; dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices; dev++) {
        if (ucs_topo_sys_device_sibling_match(dev, sys_dev)) {
            break;
        }
    }

    status = UCS_OK;

out:
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    return status;
}

ucs_status_t ucs_topo_sys_device_set_sys_dev_aux(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev,
                                                 ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev_aux)
{
    ucs_sys_device_t dev;
    ucs_status_t status;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        ucs_error("system device %d is invalid (max: %d)", sys_dev,
                  ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices);
        status = UCS_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
        goto out;
    }

    ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sys_dev_aux = sys_dev_aux;
    ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_role =
            UCS_TOPO_SIBLING_ROLE_DEV;

    /* Try to match the device with a sibling */
    for (dev = 0; dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices; ++dev) {
        if (ucs_topo_sys_device_sibling_match(sys_dev, dev)) {
            break;
        }
    }

    status = UCS_OK;

out:
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    return status;
}

int ucs_topo_device_has_sibling(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev)
{
    int result;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    result = (sys_dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) &&
             (ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].sibling_sys_dev !=
              UCS_SYS_DEVICE_ID_UNKNOWN);
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return result;
}

ucs_status_t
ucs_topo_sys_device_set_user_value(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev, uintptr_t value)
{
    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        ucs_error("system device %d is invalid (max: %d)", sys_dev,
                  ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices);
        ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
        return UCS_ERR_INVALID_PARAM;
    }

    ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].user_value = value;
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return UCS_OK;
}

uintptr_t ucs_topo_sys_device_get_user_value(ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev)
{
    uintptr_t user_value;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
    if (sys_dev >= ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices) {
        user_value = UINTPTR_MAX;
    } else {
        user_value = ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].user_value;
    }
    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return user_value;
}

void ucs_topo_print_info(FILE *stream)
{
    char bdf_name[UCS_SYS_BDF_NAME_MAX];
    volatile ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev;

    for (sys_dev = 0; sys_dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices; ++sys_dev) {
        fprintf(stream, " %d  %*s  %s\n", sys_dev, UCS_SYS_BDF_NAME_MAX,
                ucs_topo_sys_device_bdf_name(sys_dev, bdf_name,
                                             sizeof(bdf_name)),
                ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev].name);
    }
}

static void ucs_topo_release_devices()
{
    ucs_topo_sys_device_info_t *device;

    while (ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices-- > 0) {
        device = &ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices];
        ucs_free(device->name);
    }
}

ucs_global_state_t *ucs_topo_extract_state(void)
{
    ucs_global_state_t *state;
    size_t devices_size;

    devices_size = sizeof(ucs_topo_sys_device_info_t) *
                   ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices;

    state = ucs_malloc(sizeof(*state) + devices_size, "ucs_global_state_t");
    if (state == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    memcpy(state->devices, ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices, devices_size);
    state->num_devices = ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices;

    ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices = 0;
    kh_clear(bus_to_sys_dev, &ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash);

    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    return state;
}

void ucs_topo_restore_state(ucs_global_state_t *state)
{
    const ucs_topo_sys_device_info_t *device;
    ucs_sys_device_t sys_dev;
    int kh_put_status;
    khiter_t hash_it;

    ucs_spin_lock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    ucs_topo_release_devices();

    memcpy(ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices, state->devices,
           sizeof(ucs_topo_sys_device_info_t) * state->num_devices);
    ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices = state->num_devices;

    /* Create the hash table */
    kh_clear(bus_to_sys_dev, &ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash);
    for (sys_dev = 0; sys_dev < ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices; ++sys_dev) {
        device  = &ucs_topo_global_ctx.devices[sys_dev];
        hash_it = kh_put(bus_to_sys_dev,
                         &ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash,
                         ucs_topo_get_bus_id_bit_repr(&device->bus_id),
                         &kh_put_status);
        ucs_assert((kh_put_status == UCS_KH_PUT_BUCKET_EMPTY) ||
                   (kh_put_status == UCS_KH_PUT_BUCKET_CLEAR));
        kh_val(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash, hash_it) = sys_dev;
    }

    ucs_spin_unlock(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);

    ucs_free(state);
}

static ucs_sys_topo_provider_t ucs_sys_topo_provider_sysfs = {
    .name = "sysfs",
    .ops = {
        .get_distance                   = ucs_topo_get_distance_sysfs,
        .get_memory_distance            = ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_sysfs,
        .get_memory_distance_for_cpuset =
                ucs_topo_get_memory_distance_for_cpuset_sysfs,
    }
};

void ucs_topo_init()
{
    ucs_spinlock_init(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock, 0);
    kh_init_inplace(bus_to_sys_dev, &ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash);
    ucs_topo_global_ctx.num_devices = 0;
    ucs_list_add_tail(&ucs_sys_topo_providers_list,
                      &ucs_sys_topo_provider_default.list);
    ucs_list_add_tail(&ucs_sys_topo_providers_list,
                      &ucs_sys_topo_provider_sysfs.list);
}

void ucs_topo_cleanup()
{
    while (!ucs_list_is_empty(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_stack)) {
        ucs_sys_topo_provider_pop();
    }

    ucs_list_del(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_sysfs.list);
    ucs_list_del(&ucs_sys_topo_provider_default.list);

    ucs_topo_release_devices();
    kh_destroy_inplace(bus_to_sys_dev,
                       &ucs_topo_global_ctx.bus_to_sys_dev_hash);
    ucs_spinlock_destroy(&ucs_topo_global_ctx.lock);
}

typedef struct {
    double     bw_gbps;       /* Link speed */
    uint16_t   payload;       /* Payload used to data transfer */
    uint16_t   tlp_overhead;  /* PHY + data link layer + header + CRC */
    uint16_t   ctrl_ratio;    /* Number of TLC before ACK */
    uint16_t   ctrl_overhead; /* Length of control TLP */
    uint16_t   encoding;      /* Number of encoded symbol bits */
    uint16_t   decoding;      /* Number of decoded symbol bits */
    const char *name;         /* Name of PCI generation */
} ucs_topo_pci_info_t;

/*
 * - TLP (Transaction Layer Packet) overhead calculations (no ECRC):
 *   Gen1/2:
 *     Start   SeqNum   Hdr_64bit   LCRC   End
 *       1   +   2    +   16      +   4  +  1  = 24
 *
 *   Gen3/4:
 *     Start   SeqNum   Hdr_64bit   LCRC
 *       4   +   2    +   16      +   4  = 26
 *
 * - DLLP (Data Link Layer Packet) overhead calculations:
 *    - Control packet 8b ACK + 8b flow control
 *    - ACK/FC ratio: 1 per 4 TLPs
 *
 * References:
 * [1] https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/white_papers/wp350.pdf
 * [2] https://xdevs.com/doc/Standards/PCI/PCI_Express_Base_4.0_Rev0.3_February19-2014.pdf
 * [3] https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/application-note/AN3935.pdf
 */
static const ucs_topo_pci_info_t ucs_topo_pci_info[] = {
    {.name          = "gen1",
     .bw_gbps       = 2.5,
     .payload       = 256,
     .tlp_overhead  = 24,
     .ctrl_ratio    = 4,
     .ctrl_overhead = 16,
     .encoding      = 8,
     .decoding      = 10},
    {.name          = "gen2",
     .bw_gbps       = 5,
     .payload       = 256,
     .tlp_overhead  = 24,
     .ctrl_ratio    = 4,
     .ctrl_overhead = 16,
     .encoding      = 8,
     .decoding      = 10},
    {.name          = "gen3",
     .bw_gbps       = 8,
     .payload       = 256,
     .tlp_overhead  = 26,
     .ctrl_ratio    = 4,
     .ctrl_overhead = 16,
     .encoding      = 128,
     .decoding      = 130},
    {.name          = "gen4",
     .bw_gbps       = 16,
     .payload       = 256,
     .tlp_overhead  = 26,
     .ctrl_ratio    = 4,
     .ctrl_overhead = 16,
     .encoding      = 128,
     .decoding      = 130},
    {.name          = "gen5",
     .bw_gbps       = 32,
     .payload       = 256,
     .tlp_overhead  = 26,
     .ctrl_ratio    = 4,
     .ctrl_overhead = 16,
     .encoding      = 128,
     .decoding      = 130},
};

double ucs_topo_get_pci_bw(const char *dev_name, const char *sysfs_path)
{
    const char *pci_width_file_name = "current_link_width";
    const char *pci_speed_file_name = "current_link_speed";

    double bw_gbps, effective_bw, link_utilization;
    const ucs_topo_pci_info_t *p;
    char pci_width_str[16];
    char pci_speed_str[16];
    ucs_status_t status;
    unsigned width;
    char gts[16];
    size_t i;

    status = ucs_sys_read_sysfs_file(dev_name, sysfs_path, pci_width_file_name,
                                     pci_width_str, sizeof(pci_width_str),
                                     UCS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out_max_bw;
    }

    status = ucs_sys_read_sysfs_file(dev_name, sysfs_path, pci_speed_file_name,
                                     pci_speed_str, sizeof(pci_speed_str),
                                     UCS_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out_max_bw;
    }

    if (sscanf(pci_width_str, "%u", &width) < 1) {
        ucs_debug("%s: incorrect format of %s file: expected: <unsigned "
                  "integer>, actual: %s\n",
                  dev_name, pci_width_file_name, pci_width_str);
        goto out_max_bw;
    }

    if ((sscanf(pci_speed_str, "%lf%s", &bw_gbps, gts) < 2) ||
        strcasecmp("GT/s", ucs_strtrim(gts))) {
        ucs_debug("%s: incorrect format of %s file: expected: <double> GT/s, "
                  "actual: %s\n",
                  dev_name, pci_speed_file_name, pci_speed_str);
        goto out_max_bw;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < ucs_static_array_size(ucs_topo_pci_info); i++) {
        p = &ucs_topo_pci_info[i];
        if ((bw_gbps / p->bw_gbps) > 1.01) { /* floating-point compare */
            continue;
        }

        link_utilization = (double)(p->payload * p->ctrl_ratio) /
                           (((p->payload + p->tlp_overhead) * p->ctrl_ratio) +
                            p->ctrl_overhead);
        /* coverity[overflow] */
        effective_bw     = (p->bw_gbps * 1e9 / 8.0) * width *
                           ((double)p->encoding / p->decoding) * link_utilization;
        ucs_trace("%s: PCIe %s %ux, effective throughput %.3f MB/s %.3f Gb/s",
                  dev_name, p->name, width, effective_bw / UCS_MBYTE,
                  effective_bw * 8e-9);
        return effective_bw;
    }

out_max_bw:
    ucs_debug("%s: pci bandwidth undetected, using maximal value", dev_name);
    return UCS_INFINITY;
}

const char *ucs_topo_resolve_sysfs_path(const char *dev_path, char *path_buffer)
{
    const char *detected_type = NULL;
    char *device_file_path, *sysfs_realpath, *sysfs_path;
    struct stat st_buf;
    ucs_status_t status;

    /* realpath name is expected to be like below:
     * PF: /sys/devices/.../0000:03:00.0/<interface_type>/<dev_name>
     * SF: /sys/devices/.../0000:03:00.0/<UUID>/<interface_type>/<dev_name>
     */

    sysfs_realpath = realpath(dev_path, path_buffer);
    if (sysfs_realpath == NULL) {
        goto out_undetected;
    }

    /* Try PF: strip 2 components */
    sysfs_path = ucs_dirname(sysfs_realpath, 2);

    status = ucs_string_alloc_formatted_path(&device_file_path,
                                             "device_file_path", "%s/device",
                                             sysfs_path);
    if (status != UCS_OK) {
        goto out_undetected;
    }

    if (!stat(device_file_path, &st_buf)) {
        detected_type = "PF";
        goto out_detected;
    }

    /* Try SF: strip 3 components (one more) */
    sysfs_path = ucs_dirname(sysfs_path, 1);
    ucs_snprintf_safe(device_file_path, PATH_MAX, "%s/device", sysfs_path);

    if (!stat(device_file_path, &st_buf)) {
        detected_type = "SF";
        goto out_detected;
    }

    ucs_free(device_file_path);
out_undetected:
    ucs_debug("%s: sysfs path undetected", dev_path);
    return NULL;
out_detected:
    ucs_debug("%s: %s sysfs path is '%s'\n", dev_path, detected_type,
              sysfs_path);
    ucs_free(device_file_path);
    return sysfs_path;
}
